心理弹性研究回顾与展望

遭遇困境仍然发展良好的个体被认为是具有心理弹性的。心理弹性研究经历了保护因素的确认、弹性形成机制的探索和心理弹性干预三个阶段。心理弹性研究主要有以变量为中心和以被试为中心两种范式。操作性定义难以确定、研究对象和研究主题分散是心理弹性研究面临的主要问题,也是今后研究取得进展的生长点。     

Tapping autobiographical narratives to illuminate resilience: A transformative learning tool for adult educators

Adversity has always been a part of life, however, today’s hurricanes and earthquakes in increasingly populated areas, violent unrest creating a global refugee crisis, battlefield stress and work-place harassment, and the challenges of aging populations are demanding a better understanding of how individuals cope with adversity regardless of the source. One answer is resilience. This paper describes a narrative strategy that captures resilience in its many forms based on current research on resilience and transformative learning. Resilience research has moved from a focus on personality traits that help some to rebound to resilience as a process and outcome. As process and outcome, resilience is seen as a teachable attribute. This article applies two metatheories—one from resilience research and one from transformative learning—to data gathered in a qualitative research study on life-story writing. The results provide educators with a tool for facilitating resilience in their learners, clients, and patients.     

Measuring academic resilience in quantitative research: A systematic review of the literature

Academic resilience research has the potential to improve the learning outcomes of students at risk of school failure, yet there is no standard approach to its measurement. This review aimed to provide an overview of the ways in which academic resilience has been measured and analysed within quantitative research over the last 20 years. Our findings extended upon those in existing reviews by focussing on how academic resilience has been operationalised as a specific construct. A systematic search of the literature returned 127 studies that drew conclusions about academic resilience based on quantitative data. Three distinct approaches to the measurement of academic resilience were identified using thematic analysis techniques: the definition-driven, process-driven, and latent construct approaches. Each of these approaches align with different types of analyses which, in turn, shape the inferences that researchers can make about academic resilience. The implications of these variations in measurement are discussed. At the macro-level, the utilisation of resilient characteristics and the omission of risk indicators within existing measures may undermine the validity of studies investigating the construct of academic resilience. At the micro-level, the purpose of the study, usability, and inclusivity of the measurement approach influence how researchers choose to operationalise academic resilience. This review emphasises the importance of considering the methodological decisions that researchers make and contributes to the ongoing refinement of academic resilience as a specific construct in resilience research.     

Global Perspectives on Resilience in Children and Youth

Global concerns about the consequences of disasters, political violence, disease, malnutrition, maltreatment, and other threats to human development and well‐being have sparked a surge of international interest in resilience science. This article highlights progress and issues in research that aims to understand variations in human adaptation to adverse experiences. Two key questions are considered: Why is a new wave of global research on resilience important for developmental science? and Why is developmental science important for global resilience? The conclusion calls for developmental scientists to engage in international efforts to promote resilience.     

Designing resilience research: Using multiple methods to investigate risk exposure,promotive and protective processes,and contextually relevant outcomes for children and youth

BackgroundInconsistent, poorly designed research on resilience in the human sciences has contributed to epistemological and ontological ambiguity which has fuelled claims that resilience as a concept is poorly theorized.ObjectiveBuilding on research with abused and neglected children around the world, the objective of this paper is to show that studies of resilience must account for: (a) risk exposure (of relevance in different contexts); (b) promotive and protective processes (internal and external resources associated with resilience across systems); and (c) desired outcomes (as privileged by stakeholders in different cultures and contexts).MethodBy identifying common aspects of resilience research from a purposeful selection of studies (ones with weak and strong methodologies), this paper identifies three dimensions of well-designed studies of childhood resilience.ResultsAttention to all three dimensions enhances both the empirical validity (in the quantitative research paradigm) and phenomenological trustworthiness (in qualitative research) of resilience research with children and families. Challenges researching resilience can also be resolved by designing studies that account for all three dimensions. These challenges include the lack of systemic thinking to account for contextual factors and other external threats to child wellbeing, and the excessive generalization of findings.ConclusionThis three-part model for resilience research reflects the very best practices among resilience researchers and has the potential to address the definitional and methodological ambiguity that plague studies of resilience.     

对心理弹性概念的重新审视

心理弹性研究正受到来自各方的积极关注,然而围绕心理弹性的基本概念仍存在着一些值得探讨的问题。对心理弹性的研究历程,心理弹性概念的争论进行综述,认为心理弹性是个体在一定时间内在不同的情境下受到压力后仍然表现出健康心理的现象。并对心理弹性的测量进行了探讨,以促进这方面理论与实践的研究。     

Some thoughts about resilience versus positive development, main effects versus interactions, and the value of resilience

Interaction effects are the defining feature of resilience and resilience research and are responsible for the unique contributions of this field of study to our understanding of human development. The methodological and statistical challenges posed by interaction effects do not, by themselves, undermine the value of resilience as a construct.     

Children’s resilience and trauma-specific cognitive behavioral therapy: Comparing resilience as an outcome,a trait,and a process

Resilience, which is associated with relatively positive outcomes following negative life experiences, is an important research target in the field of child maltreatment (Luthar et al., 2000). The extant literature contains multiple conceptualizations of resilience, which hinders development in research and clinical utility. Three models emerge from the literature: resilience as an immediate outcome (i.e., behavioral or symptom response), resilience as a trait, and resilience as a dynamic process. The current study compared these models in youth undergoing trauma-specific cognitive behavioral therapy. Results provide the most support for resilience as a process, in which increase in resilience preceded associated decrease in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. There was partial support for resilience conceptualized as an outcome, and minimal support for resilience as a trait. Results of the models are compared and discussed in the context of existing literature and in light of potential clinical implications for maltreated youth seeking treatment.     

Resilience in young children involved with child protective services

Child maltreatment increases the risk of poor developmental outcomes. However, some children display resilience, meaning they are high-functioning despite their adverse experiences. To date, few research studies have examined protective factors among very young maltreated children. Yet, domains of resilience, and the protective factors that promote resilience among maltreated children, are likely to differ by developmental stage. Drawing on ecological systems theory and life course theory, we examined how protective factors at multiple ecological levels across early childhood were related to social and cognitive resilience among very young children involved with child protective services. The results demonstrated that the buffering effects of protective factors varied by social or cognitive resilience and the cumulative effects of protective factors were more consistently related to later resilience than protective factors at specific time points. In addition, the influence of specific protective factors on resilience slightly varied by initial in-home or out-of-home placement. These findings have important policy and research implications for promoting optimal development among children involved in child protective services.     

“Don’t sweat the small stuff:” Understanding teacher resilience at the chalkface

This study investigates how graduating and early career teachers perceive resilient teachers. Informed by survey data from 200 graduating and early career teachers, the study’s results indicate that graduating and early career teachers perceive that resilience for teachers comprises characteristics that are multi-dimensional and overlapping, and that views of resilience may develop according to teachers’ career stage. To further conceptualise teacher resilience, four possible dimensions of teacher resilience (profession-related, emotional, motivational and social) are suggested and the aspects within these dimensions are described. Some implications of this view of teacher resilience for preservice teacher education and future research are discussed.     

Resilience in higher education students: a scoping review

ABSTRACT

The health, wellbeing and employability of university students are key considerations within higher education. In response, interest in student resilience is on the rise. Reviews of contemporary resilience literature highlight both conceptual and methodological weaknesses, issues which hamper attempts to design effective resilience interventions. To inform the design of a student resilience program, to be piloted at three Australian universities, a scoping review of resilience specific to the higher education context was undertaken. Searches of three electronic databases (PsychINFO, CINAHL and ProQuest) were conducted. Seventy-two peer-reviewed articles published between 2007 and 2017 were included in the review. While the review reaffirms the conceptual and methodological issues found in previous resilience research, it provides a useful critique of key issues in relation to university student resilience and interventions to enhance students’ resilience. Recommendations for educators and researchers are provided.     

Fostering Resilience: A Necessary Skill for Teacher Retention

The goal of this qualitative 2-year study was to examine the resilience building process in four novice secondary science teachers and its link to teacher retention. To achieve the research goal, a resilience framework was established. Three factors were instrumental in creating the framework. The first focused on stressors and protective factors in the lives of novice secondary science teachers and provided direction and goals for the research. Second, a case study was developed for each of the four teachers participating in the research in order to emphasize the detailed analysis of factors linked to resilience. Finally, cross-case analysis was employed to identify similarities and differences and provide insight into issues concerning the resilience process. Results of this study suggest that the interaction between stressors and protective factors acts as a primary force in the resilience process and stimulate responses to help counteract negative effects of resulting stress. Therefore, it can be reasoned that resilience can be fostered in novice teachers as a means to encourage teacher retention.     

Models and messengers of resilience: a theoretical model of college students’ resilience,regulatory strategy use,and academic achievement

We tested a theoretical model of college students’ ratings of messengers of resilience and models of resilience, students’ own perceived resilience, regulatory strategy use and achievement. A total of 116 undergraduates participated in this study. The results of a path analysis indicated that ratings of models of resilience had a direct effect on students’ perceived resilience and that perceived resilience directly influenced regulatory strategy use (i.e. effort regulation, self-regulation and time management), which influenced academic achievement (as measured by grade point average). The implications of our findings are further discussed, along with avenues for future research.     

心理弹性的国内外研究回顾及展望

心理弹性研究至今有40余年,已成为心理学界研究的热点问题。文章梳理了心理弹性的概念、模型及测量工具,指出国内外心理弹性研究脉络为:从特定群体的心理弹性特点研究,到探讨其他变量与心理弹性的交互影响,心理弹性的干预研究逐渐丰富。认为后续的研究大致会集中于理论研究逐渐完善、实践应用更加精细、优化积极心理学研究成果。     

压弹:关于个体逆境适应机制的新探索

压弹是近二三十年来西方心理学研究的重要领域，它是指个体在面临逆境时维持积极适应的过程。国外关于压弹研究经历了一个逐步发展的过程，最初以压弹影响因素的鉴定为主，近年来转向对压弹过程的动态性研究。压弹研究对于个体发展中的积极因素和过程的关注及其对心理危机预防和干预的启示意义都值得国内心理学界的充分关注。     

心理弹性及其作用机制的研究述评

心理弹性目前已成为心理学的一个重要研究领域,并日益为,心理学界所关注.已有研究分别从不同角度给予心理弹性不同的定义,虽没有形成统一的概念,但在进行研究时,都认可两个基本的操作性定义要素:个体遭遇逆境和个体成功应对.有关心理弹性的研究目前大多停留在第一阶段,即对心理弹性变量的探讨;对心理弹性内在机制的探讨是心理弹性研究的第二阶段,这将成为今后研究的重点.本研究在综合国外大量文献的基础上重点探讨了心理弹性作用机制的理论模型,并提出注重生态学原则、进行细化研究、拓展纵向研究、加强认知研究和实施干预研究,将可能成为心理弹性作用机制的研究趋势.     

Are there implications for prevention research from studies of resilience?

In this commentary, the question is raised whether prevention research can benefit from resilience research in designing interventions. Although many areas in the investigative interests of prevention and resilience researchers overlap, Luthar, Cicchetti, and Becker may have set the bar too high for defining resilience in the context of varying levels of adversity.     

Mindsets That Promote Resilience: When Students Believe That Personal Characteristics Can Be Developed

Because challenges are ubiquitous, resilience is essential for success in school and in life. In this article we review research demonstrating the impact of students’ mindsets on their resilience in the face of academic and social challenges. We show that students who believe (or are taught) that intellectual abilities are qualities that can be developed (as opposed to qualities that are fixed) tend to show higher achievement across challenging school transitions and greater course completion rates in challenging math courses. New research also shows that believing (or being taught) that social attributes can be developed can lower adolescents’ aggression and stress in response to peer victimization or exclusion, and result in enhanced school performance. We conclude by discussing why psychological interventions that change students’ mindsets are effective and what educators can do to foster these mindsets and create resilience in educational settings.     

Academic risk and resilience for children and young people in Asia

Abstract

In studies of academic resilience, researchers seek to identify factors that protect against adverse effects caused by risk and stress, and which ultimately assist students to be academically successful. However, because relatively few studies are conducted in Asian settings, Western-based research may have limited application for policy and prevention in the Asian context. It is therefore important to expand the context and culture in which resilience research takes place. This paper highlights academic resilience factors among Asian students that are located in the multiple levels of the social ecology (including individual, peers, family and school). This is consistent with results from the Western context. However, it also reports on some differences in academic resilience factors that are found both within Asian countries and between Asian and Western countries. From these results, we might thus conclude that alongside pan-human factors, Asian students’ academic success can also be considered in part due to uniquely Asian attributes. This reaffirms the importance of considering culture and national context in studies of academic resilience. Taken as a whole, this collection of papers showcases multiple approaches to building academic resilience and empowering students and their educators and caregivers across the Asian region.