模型与模型建构在高中生物学教学中的价值

在高中生物学教学中引入模型与模型建构教学,有利于学生认知水平的发展;有利于培养学生的科学素养、人文素养以及科学探究能力和创新能力;有利于突破难点和帮助学生建构概念。     

论基于模型建构的概念转变教学模式

模型是对目标系统的简化的表征.模型建构是一种基于模型的建构性学习活动.根据认知心理学的观点,概念转变是学生朴素模型向科学模型转变与建构的过程.模型建构过程包括四个阶段的循环:激活原有朴素模型中的错误概念;对模型中的元素产生不满(产生认知冲突);建构新模型;使用新模型.基于模型建构的教学模式能促进概念转变,这一模式包括聚焦学生朴素模型中的错误概念;引发学生的认知冲突;通过类比推理,建构新模型;使用新模型,进行科学推理.     

探究-建构式教学初探——科学教学中探究与知识建构的统一途径的探索

科学探究的本质特征,是科学家群体在长期探索自然规律的过程中所形成的有效的认识和实践方式,其中最重要的是科学思维方式;学生学习科学知识的过程,是个体建构与社会建构统一的过程。科学探究和知识的建构是一个统一体的两个侧面。由此根据知识维模型探讨了科学教学过程,建立了探究一建构式教学模型。     

模型建构课堂活动教学模式的研究——以“生物膜的流动镶嵌模型”教学为例

实施高中生物课程改革过程中,为实现“要让学生领悟生物‘科学理论或模型的科学美”的课程理念,同时基于生物学科学习过程活动性的特点,本人尝试在高中生物教学中开展关于高中生物模型建构与课堂活动整合的实践研究,提出模型建构课堂活动教学模式,让学生在模型建构课堂活动中切身感受科学的魅力,体验思维乐趣、领悟科学方法,实现学与教方式的多样化。     

基于计算机的建模及其对科学教学的意义

模型是对目标系统的简化的表征,模型建构是一种基于模型的学习活动。模型和模型建构是现代科学教学极为关注的课题。本文对国外关于模型与建模的内涵、计算机模拟与基于计算机的建模、计算机建模工具、计算机建模对科学教学的意义的研究作了概述,以期对我国的中小学科学教学改革有所启迪与借鉴。     

基于知识转换模型的科学写作探析

科学写作是将学生的科学理解和科学思维过程具体化为外在表征的过程,对学生的科学学习具有重要价值。知识转换模型作为解释学生科学写作心理过程的理论框架,有效揭示了写作促进学生学习的认知过程。与知识陈述模型相比,基于知识转换模型的科学写作更有助于促进学生生成与建构新知识,凸显学生的科学思维和科学理解。基于知识转换模型的科学写作需要教师明确科学写作目的,以合作者身份参与学生写作;引导学生设定科学写作目标,形成任务的心理表征;指导学生在科学写作的体裁与功能之间建立联系,激活问题空间;为学生设计多样化的作品读者,推动知识转换的进程;重视对学生科学写作过程的评价。     

科学模型认知与实践及其学习进阶

模型与建模是科学思维的核心要素和科学研究的关键工具,世界各国均把它们作为科学教育的重点。科学哲学领域对模型与建模的认识在20世纪经历了从句法观到语义观的发展历程,近年来,中介观和认知的人造物观成为主流观点。承袭科学哲学对模型与建模的认识建构分析框架,梳理科学教育领域对模型认知与实践的研究,提出七维度五水平的科学模型认知与实践的学习进阶框架。利用该框架,分析现行课程标准中的学业质量水平划分并提出优化建议,为建模能力的培养与学习进阶的实证检验提供支持。     

深度构建辐射模型 精准破解高考疑难

辐射模型教学有利于提高学生的科学思维能力和科学推理能力。通过建构辐射模型、探讨辐射模型在高考题中的应用、开发模型原始问题,加深学生对辐射模型的认知,提升学习的模型化科学思维。     

基于"证据推理与模型认知"的化学教学策略探究

首先分析化学学习过程中遇到的概念繁多、头绪杂乱、记忆困难、学习方法单一等问题,然后在此基础上阐述"证据推理与模型认知"化学教学策略的科学内涵,最后从巧用化学实验策略建构化学物质类别的认知模型、巧用物质类别的性质比较策略建构元素周期律的认知模型、巧用结构决定性质规律建构有机物学习的认知模型、巧用理论联系实际规律构建动态平衡模型四个方面重点论述基于"证据推理和模型认知"的化学教学策略,如此能使学生科学、系统、全面地掌握化学物质的组成、结构与性质、实验与探究,还能科学有效地培育学生"证据推理与模型认知"素养.     

“设计思维”模型在大班建构游戏中的运用探析

建构游戏是幼儿基于材料的构筑、搭建、空间延展性而实施的活动,蕴含创造性特质。那么,如何结合建构游戏的特质,有效发展幼儿的建构游戏水平和学习品质?根据建构游戏现状,研究者将"设计思维"模型引入大班建构游戏中,形成了蕴含"和鸣共振、精准厘定、创意无限、范例展示、评估检测"五个环节的建构游戏实践路径,以期有效支持幼儿建构游戏开展,提升幼儿建构游戏质量。     

Teacher Conceptions and Approaches Associated with an Immersive Instructional Implementation of Computer-Based Models and Assessment in a Secondary Chemistry Classroom

This paper reports on a case study of an immersive and integrated multi-instructional approach (namely computer-based model introduction and connection with content; facilitation of individual student exploration guided by exploratory worksheet; use of associated differentiated labs and use of model-based assessments) in the implementation of coupled computer-based models and assessment in a high-school chemistry classroom. Data collection included in-depth teacher interviews, classroom observations, student interviews and researcher notes. Teacher conceptions highlighted the role of models as tools; the benefits of abstract portrayal via visualizations; appropriate enactment of model implementation; concerns with student learning and issues with time. The case study revealed numerous challenges reconciling macro, submicro and symbolic phenomena with the NetLogo model. Nonetheless, the effort exhibited by the teacher provided a platform to support the evolution of practice over time. Students' reactions reflected a continuum of confusion and benefits which were directly related to their background knowledge and experiences with instructional modes. The findings have implications for the role of teacher knowledge of models, the modeling process and pedagogical content knowledge; the continuum of student knowledge as novice users and the role of visual literacy in model decoding, comprehension and translation.     

Examining the Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect on Students' Self-Concept of Learning Science in Taiwan Based on the TIMSS Databases

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between student self-concept and achievement in science in Taiwan based on the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) model using the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2003 and 2007 databases. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the effects of the student-level and school-level science achievement on student self-concept of learning science. The results indicated that student science achievement was positively associated with individual self-concept of learning science in both TIMSS 2003 and 2007. On the contrary, while school-average science achievement was negatively related to student self-concept in TIMSS 2003, it had no statistically significant relationship with student self-concept in TIMSS 2007. The findings of this study shed light on possible explanations for the existence of BFLPE and also lead to an international discussion on the generalization of BFLPE.     

A methodology for characterizing computer-based learning environments

This paper presents a methodology for characterizing computer-based learning environments, focusing on the cognitive, pedagogical, and interactive features. The framework for this characterization is explained in relation to the relevant theories and findings in cognitive and instructional research. The methodology is illustrated by a characterization of computer-based learning environments developed by student teachers and professionals. The usability of these environments is analyzed along the dimensions of the framework presented. The results showed that this methodology can systematically and precisely characterize the cognitive, pedagogical, and interactive features of computer-based learning environments. It can be used to predict and explain the success or failure that a given software program promotes for learning particular types of knowledge. The applications of this methodology for the evaluation and design of computer-based learning environments, for instructional research in various instructional contexts, as well as for the study of expertise in the development of computer-based learning environments, are discussed.     

变革传统的学校教育创建开放的学习环境

在传统的学校教育中,学生的学习环境是封闭的,主要表现为:学习场所局限于狭小的物理空间;课程内容与学习资源缺乏选择性;教学和评价以教师为中心。随着技术的发展和社会的进步,需要对传统学校教育进行有效的变革,为每一个学生的个性化学习创建开放的学习环境。     

Model construction as a learning activity: a design space and review

Modeling is becoming increasingly important both as a way to learn science and mathematics, and as a useful cognitive skill. Although many learning activities qualify as “modeling”, this article focuses on activities where (1) students construct a model rather than explore a given model, (2) the model is expressed in a formal language rather than drawings, physical objects or natural language texts and (3) the model's predictions are generated by executing it on a computer. Most research on such learning activities has focused on getting students to successfully construct models, which they find very difficult to do. In the hope that new research can find ways to remove this bottleneck, this article attempts to list all the major ideas that have appeared in the literature and might be useful to those developing new learning activities involving model construction. The ideas are organized into a design space with five dimensions: (1) modeling language types, (2) ways for describing the systems that students should model, (3) instructional objectives and their corresponding assessments, (4) common student difficulties and (5) types of scaffolding.     

“以学生为中心”理念在货币银行学教学中的实践

结合货币银行学课程的具体教学实践,围绕教学过程的两个重要环节——网上教学及面授教学,要将“以学生为中心”的理念贯穿在教学过程的始终,在教学中就应充分发挥学生学习的自主性,尽量引导学生进行基于问题及案例的探究学习,还应意识到教学过程是一个以心理活动为基础的情感过程和认知过程的统一,情感以及兴趣、愿望、热情等形式构成的学习动机将成为主要的认知因素制约着认知学习。     

A study of sustainable assessment theory in higher education tutorials

A study of sustainable assessment theory in nine tutorial courses at four colleges demonstrated that three long-term learning outcomes improved: Independence, Intellectual Maturity and Creativity. Eight of 10 traits associated with these outcomes were validated through internal reliability, faculty and student rubrics, and faculty case studies reporting pedagogic innovations and improvements of student abilities in self-assessment. The findings suggest that sustainable assessment theory should be applied using methods encompassing a strong commitment to equity, including shared criteria for long-term learning outcomes and faculty and student monitoring of student progress towards outcomes through periodic rubrics and reflective sessions.     

Replacing lectures with multimedia CBL: Student attitudes and reactions

The lectures for two modules which together comprise an introductory course on textiles and textile manufacturing comprising some 70 hours of lectures were replaced by computer-based multimedia learning material requiring a similar amount of study time. In a student project the reactions and attitudes of students to taking the computer-based course were elicited through two questionnaires. The results of the student project indicated that the data was worthy of further study, in particular, the responses to the second questionnaire. In this paper these data are analysed in detail. The attitudes and reactions of the students are linked to features of the material and its use, and to possible more general attitudes of the students. Consideration is given to the study behaviour of the students and ways in which the courseware might be improved are proposed.