我国发起成立国际科技组织对策研究

国际科技组织汇聚了全球科技创新资源,是国际技术标准和规则的制定者,是全球科技创新议题的设置者,是大科学计划的发起和组织者。发起成立国际科技组织有助于提升我国在国际科技领域的国际影响力和话语权,是发挥我国在全球科技治理中作用、建立人类命运共同体的实际行动和重要举措。习近平总书记在科学家座谈会上的讲话指出“要逐步放开在我国境内设立国际科技组织、外籍科学家在我国科技学术组织任职,使我国成为全球科技开放合作的广阔舞台”。通过对《国际组织年鉴》的数据进行分析,发现国际科技组织总部大都分布在西方国家。文章应用SWOT方法分析了我国发起成立国际科技组织的优势、不足、机遇和挑战,指出应在新兴空白、交叉前沿或我国有引领优势的科技领域率先发起成立国际科技组织,加快塑造国际合作和竞争优势。     

国际大科学计划等国际组织人才队伍建设启示

我国参与和牵头组织国际大科学计划和大科学工程具有必要性、可行性和重要性.大科学计划作为科技创新和国际合作的重要形式,具有技术难度大、资金需求多、范围涉及广和人员要求高等特点.通过聚焦人员主题,深入分析我国在大科学计划等国际组织中面临的人才供给问题,提出相关意见建议,以期为增强我国高水平国际组织人才队伍建设提供借鉴.     

"十三五"期间我国组织或共同发起的国际大科学计划和大科学工程发展状况与对策

国际大科学计划/工程兼具科学属性与工程属性.组织实施该类计划或工程是一个国家的科技实力与国际竞争力的重要体现.我国曾大量参与国际大科学计划和大科学工程,不过发挥牵头和主导作用的却寥寥无几.国务院印发的《"十三五"国家科技创新规划》对组织实施国际大科学计划和大科学工程作出战略部署.本文在对"十三五"时期我国牵头组织国际大科学计划、大科学工程的成效与影响进行总体评估的基础上,分析实施过程中存在的问题与挑战,并对我国"十四五"时期如何加强国际大科学计划和工程提出政策建议,以期为提高我国的科技创新能力提供启示.     

大科学项目的国际科学合作模式及特点探究——以斯隆数字巡天(SDSS)项目为例

国际科学合作已经成为当今大科学时代开展大科学项目研究的主流科学生产方式。研究大科学项目的国际科学合作的运行模式及其特征,对我国开展大科学项目研究具有一定的理论和实践指导意义。由美国牵头发起的斯隆数字巡天（SDSS）项目是21世纪以来典型的大科学项目,在Web of Science平台检索依托这一项目的科学论文,利用CiteSpace信息可视化软件系统对这一项目的国家和机构两个层面的科学合作情况进行分析,揭示了该项目的国际科学合作中以多边交叉型合作模式、双边交互性合作模式和补充型合作模式为核心的“外、中、内”3层合作体系,总结了大科学项目国际科学合作的基本特征,为我国参与和主导国际大科学合作提供参考借鉴。     

特大科技项目的遴选与评价

本文首先给出了特大科技项目的定义，探讨了部署特大科技项目在增强国家综合国力、推动科学进步、刺激技术发展上所起的作用以及带动新产业发展、产生巨大的潜在的经济效益的可能性。文章认为：部署若干适合中国国情的特大科技项目不仅是可能的，而且也是非常必要的。其次，本文讨论了特大科技项目遴达的特点，分析了三种选择组织过一程的不同点和适用范围。特大科技项目的选择过程是一个不断认识的、动态的和非程序化的过程，选择的组织过程是选择方法论研究的基础。基于社会价值、科学价值。中国社会经济和科技发展现状，作者提出了我国特大科技项目的遴选标准。最后，作者结合中国、美国等国家的一些特大科技项目的事后评价，系统地分析了在选择过程中预测与评价等具体方法的作用与效果。     

俄罗斯NICA大科学项目初探

2011年,俄罗斯提出要主导建设一批大科学项目,NICA (基于超导重离子加速器的离子对撞机装置)项目是其中之一。自启动以来,NICA项目进展顺利,形成独具特色的组织实施模式和特点。另外,我国提出要"积极提出并牵头组织国际大科学计划和大科学工程",俄罗斯NICA项目积累的经验可为我国提供一定的借鉴。     

加强科学道德和学风建设 保证我国科技事业健康持续发展

近年来，科学道德和学风建设问题受到世界科技界普遍关注。联合国教科文组织、国际科学联盟等国际组织、一些科技发达国家的科研部门或组织中都成立了相关机构，并制定了与科学道德有关的规范。这既反映了国际科技界对科学道德和学风建设的高度重视，也说明了科学道德和学风建设方面存在的问题具有普遍性。     

“高质量论文”与我国“双一流”建设高校发展研究

近年来，我国虽通过出台一系列政策文件破除科技评价中“唯论文”不良导向，但高校科学研究成果积淀依然较为薄弱。通过分析对比清华大学等国内9所高校和哈佛大学等国外5所高校在《自然》《科学》和《细胞》杂志上的论文发表情况，以及Web of Science数据库中我国国际合作论文情况，认为我国与发达国家在科研合作方面还存在一定的差距，具体表现在国际交流与合作、国际会议与研讨、国际项目和课题等方面存在合作频率低、合作范围窄、合作平台弱等众多问题。结合我国“双一流”建设高校发展现状以及国内科技期刊发展情况，提出我国高校应借鉴吸收国际顶级期刊办刊模式和经验建设高质量的科技期刊，创造有吸引力的学术平台；同时，应开展有组织的科研服务，加大国际科技交流合作，确保创新体系的开放性，并鼓励基础前沿问题探索，强化关键核心技术攻关。     

国际大科学计划灾害风险综合研究十年回顾与展望

灾害风险综合研究（IRDR）计划是由原国际科学联盟理事会（ICSU）、原国际社会科学理事会（ISSC）和联合国国际减灾战略（UNISDR）发起的为期10年的国际大科学计划。2009年,IRDR国际项目办公室（IRDR IPO）由中国科学技术协会成功申办并落地中国,成为ICSU在亚洲设立的首个国际大科学计划。IRDR计划通过10年实施,成为全球灾害风险综合研究旗舰计划,建成广泛的全球灾害风险综合研究网络,形成有效的国际科学计划管理机制,取得四大成果：（1）我国首次成功落地ICSU国际大科学计划;（2）成功运行IRDR计划10年,确保了计划圆满实施;（3）提升了全球灾害与风险科技治理水平;（4）促成“新十年”IRDR二期计划的设立。同时,利用IRDR计划这一项目平台学习了国际的先进理念,贡献了中国智慧和力量,为我国组织国际大科学计划提供了经验,为全球综合减灾作出了重要贡献。     

我国大科学研究国际合作的现状分析与政策建议

本文首先讨论了大科学研究的基本特征;对90年代以来国际大科学研究计划（项目）的组织与我国的参与情况以及我国组织的大科学研究开展国际使用的现状与未来需求作了较为系统的分析与评价。最后,提出了加强我国大科学研究开展国际合用若干政策建议。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence