Just before the Beagle: Charles Darwin's geological fieldwork in Wales, summer 1831

Darwin returned to Shrewsbury in mid-June 1831 and spent that summer learning geology. He made geological maps of Shropshire and visited Llanymynech and other localities. From 3-20th August he joined Sedgwick on his tour of North Wales; they geologised west of Shrewsbury before travelling through Llangollen, Ruthin, Conwy to Bangor finally reaching Anglesey. Darwin left Sedgwick at Menai and walked to Barmouth making a special visit of Cwm Idwal. He returned to Shrewsbury on 29th August to open the letter from Fitzroy inviting him to join the Beagle. During this summer Darwin gained skills in all aspects of geology, including chemical analysis, which were to prove vital in the development of his ideas on natural selection.     

探析功能与形式关系的变迁对留青竹刻艺术的影响

留青竹刻艺术是中国传统工艺的瑰宝,随着不同时代美学观念的变迁历经沉浮,于2008年被列入非物质文化遗产名册。本文以留青竹刻艺术的鼎盛、衰落及复兴三个时期为轴线,研究不同时期中竹刻案例中的留青的艺术载体和题材形式并找寻其中的差异性,分析作为衡量美学向导的"功能与形式的关系"在不同时期的倾向对留青竹刻艺术的影响,为留青竹刻艺术未来的发展提供参照性。     

There and back again: Revisiting Vannevar Bush,the linear model,and the freedom of science

Despite its age, Vannevar Bushs Science: The Endless Frontier has remained a touchstone for science funding policy discussions. More specifically, many claim that Bush ushered in a new ‘social contract’ that allowed scientists to freely choose projects in accordance with their own interests while promising deliverables for the society that funds scientific institutions. Despite the prominence of The Endless Frontier, there are countless interpretations of its argumentative structure. Building off others, I develop an interpretation of how the linear model relates to the freedom of science in SEF. I critically assess this view and argue that it provides a valuable starting point for a social contract for the 21st century. To accomplish this, I clarify Bush's stance on the linear model and show that it bypasses the most common objections against its plausibility, consider the relationship between Bush's conception of the freedom of science and the rise of citizen science, and articulate a more nuanced approach to government intervention in research priority setting.     

Framing and sources: a study of mass media coverage of climate change in Peru during the V ALCUE

Studies about mass media framing have found divergent levels of influence on public opinion; moreover, the evidence suggests that issue attributes can contribute to this difference. In the case of climate change, studies have focused exclusively on developed countries, suggesting that media influence perceptions about the issue. This study presents one of the first studies of media coverage in a developing country. It examines newspapers' reporting in Peru during the Fifth Latin America, Caribbean and European Union Summit in May 2008. The study focuses on the frames and the sources to provide an initial exploratory assessment of the coverage. The results show that the media relied mostly on government sources, giving limited access to dissenting voices such as environmentalists. Additionally, a prominence of "solutions" and "effects" frames was found, while "policy" and "science" frames were limited. The results could serve as a reference point for more comprehensive studies.     

Technology and moral change: the transformation of truth and trust

Ethics and Information Technology - Today humanity is in the midst of the massive expansion of new and fundamental technology, represented by advanced artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The...     

Crafting the virtual prototype: how firms integrate knowledge and capabilities across organisational boundaries

This paper examines the introduction of Integrated Software Technologies in Product Development focusing on their influence on organisational Experimentation and Prototyping practices. In particular, it explores the role of ‘virtual prototyping’ techniques, concepts and models in facilitating multi-functional processes coordination and multi-disciplinary knowledge integration. It argues that the role of software in supporting inter-functional cooperation and the coordination of knowledge and activities depends on the organisation’s ability to nurture integrating routines which support two-directional translation flows between ‘local’ (function-based) and ‘global’ (computer-embedded) knowledge and activity levels. These mechanisms also lie at the heart of dynamic capabilities’ creation and maintenance.     

国外政府推动汽车工业自主创新的行为及其启示

日、韩、美、德是当今汽车工业强国.在总结日韩等后起国在追赶过程的不同阶段政府推动产业自主创新的政策行为,以及美德等先发国在保持领先战略中政府积极支持汽车产业技术创新的具体措施的基础上,结合我国产业发展状况,探讨了以上行为对我国政府促进产业创新的启示.     

To frame is to explain: a deductive frame-analysis of Dutch and French climate change coverage during the annual UN Conferences of the Parties

This study examines the way Dutch and French newspapers frame climate change during the annual United Nations Conferences of the Parties. The methods used in previous studies on the framing of climate change do not allow for general cross-national comparisons. We conduct a quantitative deductive framing analysis on 257 quality Dutch and French newspaper articles between 2001 and 2007. Both countries' newspapers seem to frame climate change through mainly the same lens. The majority of the articles make reference to the consequences of the (non-)pursuit of a certain course of action and of possible losses and gains (consequences frame). Additionally, many articles mention the need for urgent actions, refer to possible solutions and suggest that governments are responsible for and/or capable of alleviating climate change problems (responsibility frame). Finally, the conflict frame was found to be used less often than the aforementioned frames, but more regularly than the human interest frame.     

IT企业成长的组织模式——从"势"与"利"视角的研究

模型分析表明,IT企业从“利”上的成长表现为分工的边际递增性增长,随着IT企业系统信息即各任务小组公共知识的增加(强调整合)与企业特质信息即各任务隐晦知识的增加(强调分工),企业内的最大分工程度都将提高,从而促使企业从“利”上得到更好的成长。     

Truth and opinion in climate change discourse: the Gore-Hansen disagreement

In this paper, I discuss the "inconvenient truth" strategy of Al Gore. I argue that Gore's notion of truth upholds a conception of science and policy that narrows our understanding of climate change discourse. In one notable exchange, Gore and NASA scientist, James Hansen, disagreed about whether scientific statements based on Hansen's computer simulations were truth or opinion. This exchange is featured in An Inconvenient Truth, yet the disagreement is edited from the film and presented simply as an instance of Hansen speaking "inconvenient truth". In this article, I compare the filmic representation of Hansen's testimony with the congressional record. I place their exchange in a broader historical perspective on climate change disputation in order to discuss the implications of Gore's perspective on truth.     

近50年来三江平原分区域土地利用/覆被变化及土壤侵蚀分析

选取1954年的地形图、1976年Landsat/MSS影像数据、1986年和2000年Landsat/TM标准假彩色合成影像作为基本信息源,在专家知识参与下,获得三江平原近50年的土地利用/覆被变化信息;基于GIS和USLE方程求取了三江平原4个时期的土壤侵蚀量;根据获取的土地利用和土壤侵蚀数据,在对三江平原分区域的基础上,详细地了解和分析了各区域近50年的土地利用/覆被变化状况和土壤侵蚀发展趋势,据此对每个区域的土地资源的合理利用和侵蚀防治提供针对性建议,以期为该区域的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Heterogeneous firms and cluster externalities: how asymmetric effects at the firm level affect cluster productivity

When firms are heterogeneous, externalities within clusters can affect firms asymmetrically. These asymmetries at the firm level lead to a productivity effect at the cluster level that has been overlooked thus far. We develop a heterogeneous firm model where firms with different productivity levels decide how much to invest in market survival. With this model, we find a differentiation between high-productivity firms investing in market survival and low-productivity firms not investing in market survival. Cluster externalities alter the optimal market survival investment of firms, which in turn affects both cluster composition and cluster-level outcomes. By focusing on cluster productivity and assuming that cluster externalities take the form of knowledge spillovers, we find that the effect on the cluster depends on the particular type of knowledge spillovers. Using modelling outcomes and an extensive numerical simulation, we show that knowledge spillovers that reduce the cost of investment benefit investing, high-productivity firms and increase cluster productivity. By contrast, knowledge spillovers that imply that non-investing, low-productivity firms can free ride on the efforts of investing firms tend to reduce cluster productivity. We discuss ramifications for research on clusters and cluster policy, highlighting the importance of industry and knowledge spillover characteristics.