Social reinstatement and open-field testing in chickens

Based on a model which holds that open-field behavior represents a combination of predator evasion tactics and attempts to reinstate contact with conspecifics, five experiments were conducted with chickens to assess the effects on them of social separation in response to being placed in a novel enclosure. As a means of independently demonstrating reinstatement tendencies, it was shown that birds would run faster down a straight alley if the goalbox contained one or more conspecifics than if it was empty or contained a guinea pig. For birds tested in pairs, the effects were different, depending on whether they had been reared in pairs or in larger groups. On the other hand, although chicks froze and remained silent longer in pairs, they seemed to be relatively insensitive to whether the pair member was a cagemate or a stranger. Finally, as predicted, reinstatement tendencies diminished and predator evasion tactics predominated with increasing age.     

英汉互译中的词义色彩分析

理解词义是英汉互译过程中的关键环节。词语的色彩意义虽说不是词义的核心部分,但却是词形所传达出的语义信息,对于理解词义进而实现两种语言之间的恰当转换起着非常重要的作用。词语的色彩意义主要表现在感情、形象、语体、联想、风格和民族这几个方面。     

Age factors in sex differences in open-field activity of rats

Male and female Long-Evans rats were given open-field tests at 30 and/or 120 days of age. At 30 days of age, males and females did not differ in their open-field behavior. At 120 days of age, however, females locomoted more, reared more, and showed less wall-hugging than males, regardless of whether or not the animals had received tests in the open field at 30 days of age. The appearance of sex differences was due to an increase in the scores of the females between 30 and 120 days of age.     

捕食线虫真菌的分布

采集思茅五个土壤剖面不同深层的土样,采集茶园、桔子园和剖面附近的表土,从中分离和鉴定捕食线虫真菌,统计检出率,结果是：有枯枝落叶层和较厚腐殖的土壤剖面,捕食线虫真菌分布较深,１００ｃｍ深层土中仍有分布,比１００ｃｍ更深层土中无分布;弯孢节丛孢、（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓ ｍｕｓｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）、少孢节丛孢少孢变种（Ａ．ｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ ｖａｒ．ｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ）、坚粘孢单顶孢（Ｍｏｎａｃｒ     

论掠夺性定价行为的认定方法

掠夺性定价是反垄断法上最复杂、最难以认定的滥用市场势力的行为。本文先探讨掠夺性定价行为的概念、存在性及其与正常竞争行为在外在表现形式上的相似性,在此基础上探讨掠夺性定价行为的认定方法及其运用。     

Characteristics of pigeons’ spatial working memory in an open-field task

Although pigeons seem to require special training before they will display accurate spatial working memory in radial-arm mazes, they readily show accurate working memory for recently visited feeder locations in an open-field analog of the radial maze. In this task, pigeons forage among sites located on the floor of an open room, with no constraints on the path they take between sites. Experiment 1 suggested that pigeons’ working memory for recently visited sites is facilitated if they are permitted to develop a stable reference memory “map” of the location of the sites with respect to landmarks in the room: Pigeons for which the landmarks remained constant from day to day displayed more accurate working memory than did pigeons for which the landmarks were rearranged between daily trials. The second experiment investigated the durability of pigeons’ working memory, using a forced-choice procedure. Accuracy remained high for retention intervals of up to 32 min, but dropped significantly with a 2-h delay.     

Further studies of pigeons’ spatial working memory in the open-field task

In Experiments 1 and 2, pigeons’ spatial working memory in an open-field setting was examined under conditions that differed in terms of working-memory load (number of sites visited prior to a retention test) at various delays between initial choices and the retention test. In Experiment 1, pigeons were tested under two conditions of memory load (three or five sites visited prior to the delay) and two delay intervals (15 and 60 min). Accuracy declined as a function of delay but was not affected significantly by memory load. In Experiment 2A, pigeons were tested under three conditions of memory load (two, four, or six sites visited prior to the delay). In separate phases, the delay was 2, 15, and 60 min. Accuracy was not affected by memory load in any of these phases. In Experiment 2B, three conditions of memory load (two, four, or six sites visited prior to the delay) were tested at two delays (2 and 60 min) within a test phase. Accuracy declined with increasing delay, but memory load again had no significant effects. These results are inconsistent with previous suggestions that pigeons’ retention of spatial information may decline as working-memory load is increased. In Experiment 3, cue-manipulation tests confirmed that pigeons’ choice behavior in the open-field task is controlled by memory for previously visitad room locations.     

Learned helplessness in chickens

Evidence of the learned helplessness effect was obtained in 24- to 48-h-old domestic chickens. Twenty-four hours after exposure to escapable shock, inescapable shock, or no shock, subjects were tested on a one-way shuttle task with shock-offset reinforcement. The inescapable shock group showed retarded learning in comparison with other groups. It is argued that the data are difficult to account for in terms of Costello’s (1978) application of the systematic bias in the triadic design.     

论依法规制旅行社掠夺性定价

随着旅游业的日益发展,旅行社的规模不断扩大,数量也不断增加,同时亦引发了一系列严重问题.为了在同行之间争夺旅游市场,各种反竞争现象层出不穷,譬如掠夺性定价就早已成为旅行社之问竞争常使用的手段.通过论述其产生的缘由、对旅游业的弊害,强调应严厉规制这一反竞争现象,遏制旅行社这一杀鸡取卵的做法,从而促进旅游业的健康发展.     

Social interactions in male gerbils,Meriones unguiculatus: Ultrasounds and open-field behavior

Relationships among ultrasonic vocalizations and several other behaviors (aggression, locomotion, ventral-scent-gland marking, sniffing, and autogrooming) were examined during single 15-min interactions within 12 different pairs of adult male gerbils. Behaviors were assessed before and after social dominance was established within each pair. Ultrasound emissions were associated with fight severity (r=?.66), locomotion was associated with scent marking (r=.86) and with autogrooming (r=.68), and scent marking was associated with sniffing (r=.67). Dominant and subordinate animals showed different patterns of behavior both before and after dominance was established. Primary predictors of intrapair dominance were priority and latency of scent marking. After dominance was established, gerbils with the higher ranks showed significantly greater locomotion, sniffing, and autogrooming.     

The principle of aggregation in psychobiological correlational research: An example from the open-field test

The principle of aggregation states that the sum of a set of multiple measurements is a more stable and representative estimator than any single measurement. This greater representation occurs because there is inevitably some error associated with measurement. By combining numerous exemplars, such errors of measurement are averaged out, leaving a clearer view of underlying relationships. The present study explored the effect of score aggregation over various time periods on correlations among a number of reliable measures frequently used in open-field testing. Twenty-six male rats were given four open-field tests (4 min in duration) at 48-h intervals. Ambulation, rearing, and defecation responses were measured on a minute-by-minute basis in the open-field tests. Correlation matrices were calculated among the three measures for unaggregated scores (1-min totals) and for scores aggregated over daily tests, and mean correlation coefficients were computed for all three pairwise comparisons of the three response variables. These mean correlations were then compared to those obtained when the open-field measures were aggregated over all 4 test days. The results showed that aggregation produced substantial increases in correlation-coefficient magnitude. The correlation between ambulation and rearing increased from a mean of .39 to a value of .81. Similar increases were observed when defecation scores were correlated with ambulation (?.17 to ?.59) and rearing (?.16 to ?.49). Thus aggregation is an important factor to be considered in the design of psychobiological correlational studies.     

草间小黑蛛对柏小爪螨控制作用的研究

草间小黑蛛成蛛对柏小爪螨雌成螨的捕食功能反应属HollingII型.对柏小爪螨各螨态的控制能力从到大依次为:成螨>若螨>幼螨.草间小黑蛛对柏小爪螨的寻找效应(S)随猎物(Nt)和天敌密度的增加而降低.草间小黑蛛的饥饿程度、生境大小等因素均可引起功能反应参数的变化.草间小黑蛛成蛛喜食柏小爪螨的成螨和若螨,对幼螨的捕食能力较弱.     

Genetic influence on tonic immobility in chickens

Production Red chickens were selectively bred on the basis of having shown prolonged or brief immobility reactions at 21 days of age. After only one generation, there was sufficient separation between offspring to conclude that tonic immobility has an unusually large heritability component. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for an evolutionary model of animal hypnosis.     

Effects of restraint on open-field activity,shock avoidance learning,and gastric lesions in the rat

Many rat studies of learned helplessness confound the stress of restraint with inescapable shock. In the present experiment, albino rats were held immobile for 0, 2, 8, 14, or 18 h. Behavioral deficits were observed in an open-field activity maze and in two-way shuttlebox avoidance acquisition. In the activity maze, a sex X restraint interaction was observed for latency to leave the center square, ambulation, and frequency of center square crossing. Males were slower to leave the center square, had fewer ambulations, and crossed the center square less frequently than females. These effects were potentiated by restraint. Males reared significantly less than females, and restrained animals reared significantly less than nonrestrained animals. Restraint also significantly increased the frequency of grooming. On the avoidance tasks, a significant restraint X trial block interaction indicated slower learning for restrained animals. The severity of the decrements increased with restraint duration. The presence of stomach lesions was positively correlated with stress duration and the severity of the behavioral decrement. The results indicate that restraint produces a variety of behavioral changes which may result in interpretive difficulties for helplessness studies that confound restraint and shock.     

Predatory Journals in the Criminal Justices Sciences: Getting our Cite on the Target

The advent of Open-Access publishing has opened the door to predatory journals. While many Open-Access publishers are trustworthy, not all of them are guided by legitimate or altruistic motives. When publishers become beholden to authors, rather than readers, the incentive and motivation to uphold and preserve integrity in research and scholarship is eroded. All disciplines would benefit from institutional and peer reviews of open-access journals listed as potentially, possibly, or probably predatory, and from a list of institutionally sanctioned acceptable-journals, prior to submitting their work for publication. At present, these protections do not seem to exist. Criminology/Criminal Justice researchers are being solicited by, and are published in predatory journals, which hold little scholarly value or credibility, resulting in serious negative ramifications for tenure and promotion. This exploratory study utilizes two surveys to assess knowledge and perceptions of predatory journals among criminal justice and criminology authors who have published in a predatory journal, and ACJS and ASC members.     

Social facilitation of pecking and drinking in “satiated” chickens

Pecking in chickens is a ubiquitous response that does not appear to be exclusively linked to any single motivational state. Because of this, certain earlier findings are ambiguous regarding the extent to which socially mediated pecking in chickens extends to theories of social facilitation effects. In the current research, drinking was identified as a possible alternative response for the study of socially mediated consummatory behavior in chickens. Tests of satiated subjects paired with deprived companions (or tested alone) showed that the pattern and relative amount of the social facilitation of drinking conformed exactly to the pattern for pecking. Therefore, it was concluded that socially enhanced consummatory behavior in the chicken can bear on theories of social facilitation.     

College-level testing in Florida

The faculties of the post-secondary institutions in Florida, utilizing the authority of the State Board of Education, have implemented a testing program which greatly increases the assurance that all students who complete their sophomore year in college have achieved the communication and computation skills expected of them.When it became clear that the traditional safeguards no longer provided assurance that faculty members individually and collectively could define and maintain standards of student performance in communication and mathematics, care was taken in Florida to keep from throwing the baby out with the bath water. Hence, care was taken to strengthen and reinforce the central role of the faculty in both the definition of standards and in the assessment of student achievement that is required for the implementation of those standards.Faculty members from community colleges, state universities, and private colleges and universities, along with faculty members from secondary schools, have demonstrated their willingness and ability to work constructively in the implementation of a testing program which includes the use of the College-Level Academic Skills Test (CLAST) with sophomores in sixty colleges and universities in Florida.     

早稻田捕食性天敌种群数量变动及其数学模拟

根据田间系统调查材料,分析了狼蛛等5种捕食天敌种群在早稻田的数量变动,并用逻辑斯谛方程模拟其变化过程.结果指出:狼蛛等5种捕食天敌总密度的数量变动,符合逻辑斯谛增长曲线,即水稻插植初期,这些天敌数量较少,随着禾苗生长,稻田天敌数量逐渐增多,到水稻生长中后期,其种群密度在一个平均密度的上、下波动.     

一类具有脉冲和时滞的捕食系统的周期解的存在性

研究一类具有时滞和脉冲的浮游生物的捕食系统,利用迭合度理论建立了该系统正周期解存在的充分条件。