小学生近似数量表征系统和工作记忆与数学成绩的关系

数学学习过程中需要很多认知活动的参与,通过测试小学生的近似数量表征能力、工作记忆情况,探讨它们与数学学习成绩的关系.结果表明:小学生的近似数量表征能力和工作记忆能力有一定的可塑性,会随着年龄的增长而提高,并对数学成绩有促进作用,学校的数学教育在这个过程中功不可没.近似数量表征能力与工作记忆可以在不同程度上预测儿童的数学成绩.     

库恩范式论与心理学的文化转向

库恩的范式论对西方传统文化即理性主义和科学主义的质疑和反叛，标志着西方科学哲学的文化转变，同时对心理学的文化转向产生了重大的影响，主要表现在：库恩范式论从科学哲学内部动摇了科学心理学的哲学根基——实证主义，也引发了对心理学自然科学模式的反思和诘难；库恩范式论强调真理的相对性，把科学理解为实战性的参与为多元文化心理学兴起奠定了哲学基础；库恩范式论对西方传统文化的反思，将有助于走向东西方文化融合的跨文化心理学研究。     

中小学教师工作业绩综合考评模型的建立

扼要介绍利用模糊数学建立中小学教师工作业绩的综合考评模型的方法.利用该模型,可使中小学教师年度或定期工作业绩考评更加客观公正、合理科学.     

高职软件技术专业工学结合的探索与实践

本文从社会对软件技术人才能力的要求出发,提出高职软件技术专业“工学结合”的专业建设思路,并就高职软件技术专业如何确立以市场需求和就业为导向,以职业岗位为依据,以技术含量为参数,以职业能力培养为本位的人才培养模式,及如何以实践教学为主线,以行业和企业为依托,进行教学内容与课程体系改革等进行了积极的探索。     

Methods of History Teaching in the Ninth School Year

In the following article, a classroom teacher in a Bavarian Hauptschule writes about his thoughts and experiences. The Hauptschule, established during the early 1960s, comprises the upper section (grades five through nine) of the traditional Volksschule. Although it serves those 50 percent of the children who are not enrolled by their parents in either the Realschule (ten-year school for general education) or a Gymnasium (thirteen years), the Hauptschule has also been given a secondary-school character. The curriculum and teaching methods had to be revised accordingly. The ninth year is a fairly recent addition to compulsory full-time schooling. Most teachers were not prepared for this level and had to learn to adjust their practices from elementary teaching styles to new approaches suitable to today's young adolescents and to the more substantial aims and programs designed for the Hauptschule as compared to the traditional Volksschule.     

工作记忆研究进展

工作记忆是当前记忆研究的热点课题之一。文章回顾了以往的研究,从以下方面系统总结了工作记忆的研究进展,包括工作记忆的概念界定,工作记忆的理论模型,工作记忆的广度研究及个体差异,工作记忆的应用,并对研究进程进行了展望。     

Creativity and Unpredictability in School Achievement

Abstract

In each of the 9th (N = 75) and 11th (N = 84) grades and on each subtest of the ITED battery, overachieving and underachieving groups were identified by using the predicted scores plus and minus one SB as the cutting points. When these two groups were compared on tests of creative thinking, the mean scores did not show any consistent trend across the different achievement areas to favor either one of these groups. Because of the low correlations between IQ and creativity (.12 in 9th, "-.01 in 11th) and achievement and creativity (—.02 to .21 in 9th, —.16 to .07 in 11th), results of analyses of covariance, controlling for IQ, did not affect the findings.     

推理任务中的工作记忆

推理是人类思维的一种重要形式。工作记忆的负荷是影响推理任务正确性和速度的重要因素。研究者一般采用三种推理任务作为研究对象。发现工作记忆有三种成分，各种成分对推理任务有不同的作用。人们在推理时形成了相应的推理策略，以便减轻工作记忆的负荷。根据不同的问题情境，人们会采取不同的推理策略。     

Test Anxiety and Working Memory

In the present study, information processing of test anxiety is explained within the framework of the ACT* model. The author used the speed-accuracy tradeoff method to investigate the effect of test anxiety on each subsystem of working memory. The sample was made up of 119 college students enrolled in an educational psychology course. Test anxiety affected performance on the verbal-analogies task but not on the rhyming-judgment and visual-spatial tasks. The participants' subvocalization of the rhyming words may have drawn attention to the task itself and preempted the effect of test anxiety on task performance. Also, the activation processes for the visual-spatial tasks may have occurred in a different dimension or separate from the verbal processes of test anxiety.     

小学高年级儿童应用题表征水平、工作记忆对问题解决的影响

本研究运用数学运算实验法对某普通小学161名4-6年级学生进行了长方形面积任务、工作记忆任务和数学运算测验(简称MPI),以考察学生的应用题表征水平特点,及应用题表征水平、工作记忆对问题解决的影响.结果表明:(1)表征水平随着年级的升高而不断提高,学牛在表征水平上性别差异不显著;(2)中央执行和语音环路对表征水平的影响作用不显著,视空间模板的影响作用显著;(3)视空间模板通过表征水平对数学成绩产生影响作用.     

不同场景中的视觉工作记忆

近年来,很多研究分别从动态场景中和静态场景中来研究视觉工作记忆。文章分别从研究范式、工作记忆的容量和存储方式的角度研究动态场景中的视觉工作记忆和静态场景中的视觉工作记忆的联系和区别。静态场景中的视觉工作记忆,大多使用变化觉察范式,主要在“强客体说”和“弱客体说”两种存储方式上存在较大的争议。动态场景中的视觉工作记忆,大多使用多客体追踪范式,强调“强客体说”的存储方式。     

Exploring the Associations Between Delayed School Entry and Achievement in Primary and Secondary School

This research investigated whether delayed school entry was associated with higher achievement in national tests of reading and numeracy in Grades 3, 5, 7, and 9 (n = 2,823). Delayed entry was related to advantages in reading (0.14 SD) and numeracy (0.08 SD) at Grade 3, although little variance was explained (1%–2%). This slight advantage persisted for both domains in Grades 5 and 7, albeit with smaller effects. In Grade 9 there was no association between delayed entry and either reading or numeracy. Exploratory analyses with subsamples in each grade (n = 424–667) revealed no associations between delayed entry and achievement after controlling for inattention and hyperactivity, and negative associations between inattention and achievement in all grades in both domains (−0.33, −0.49 SD).     

工作记忆和语篇的阅读理解

工作记忆是指长时记忆中被激活的部分,它在语篇阅读理解中具有重要的作用。长时工作记忆的特点就是信息可以在长时记忆中快速、可靠地存取。用长时工作记忆理论,可以重新解释阅读理解中的误入歧途效应、扇形效应等心理现象。     

工作记忆容量对软件操作技能教学视频自主学习效果和认知负荷的影响研究

为检验工作记忆容量对软件操作技能教学视频自主学习效果和认知负荷的影响,文章采用3-back工作范式测验工作记忆容量,从114名大学生被试中筛选出工作记忆容量最高的24名被试和工作记忆容量最低的20名被试作为研究对象,要求他们观看一段关于制作Power Point幻灯片的教学视频,随后测量被试的自主学习效果和认知负荷。研究结果表明:较高的工作记忆容量对被试学习软件操作技能教学视频的自主学习效果和内、外在认知负荷均会产生积极影响,但对相关认知负荷的影响不明显。此研究结论丰富了工作记忆容量对教学视频自主学习效果影响的研究成果、验证了认知负荷理论的相关观点,可为教学视频或在线学习平台的开发、教学视频的学习提供理论参考。     

Attention,Working Memory,and Long-Term Memory in Multimedia Learning: An Integrated Perspective Based on Process Models of Working Memory

Cognitive models of multimedia learning such as the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer 2009) or the Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller 1999) are based on different cognitive models of working memory (e.g., Baddeley 1986) and long-term memory. The current paper describes a working memory model that has recently gained popularity in basic research: the embedded-processes model (Cowan 1999). The embedded-processes model argues that working memory is not a separate cognitive system but is the activated part of long-term memory. A subset of activated long-term memory is assumed to be particularly highlighted and is termed the “focus of attention.” This model thus integrates working memory, long-term memory, and (voluntary and involuntary) attention, and referring to it within multimedia models provides the opportunity to model all these learning-relevant cognitive processes and systems in a unitary way. We make suggestions for incorporating this model into theories of multimedia learning. On this basis, one cannot only reinterpret crucial phenomena in multimedia learning that are attributed to working memory (the split-attention effect, the modality effect, the coherence effect, the signaling effect, the redundancy effect, and the expertise reversal effect) but also derive new predictions.     

Personality Ability and Achievement in Primary School Children

This study investigated the relationship of personality, ability and school achievement. The findings here were that:

1. intelligence is the major determinant of school achievement;

2. bright children tend to come from smaller families than dull children;

3. relatively unstable children have a better level of school achievement than stable children;

4. extraversion‐introversion had no effect on school achievement.