Formative Assessment in EFL Writing: An Exploratory Case Study

In second‐language writing, assessment has traditionally focused on the written products and how well (or badly) students perform in writing. Teachers dominate the assessment process as testers, while students remain passive testees. Assessment is something teachers ‘do to’ rather than ‘with’ students, mainly for administrative and reporting purposes (i.e. summative). Such assessment, being more retrospective than prospective, holds little value for teaching and learning. In recent years, with a major paradigm shift in assessment and evaluation in English language teaching, writing assessment informed primarily by a product and summative orientation, is considered increasingly inadequate. Such assessment, which focuses on measurement – i.e. marking, monitoring and checking, fails to capture the formative potential of assessment for promoting learning. A formative approach to assessment, on the other hand, focuses more on inquiry – i.e. discovering, diagnosing and understanding, as well as the opportunities assessment provides for improving teaching and learning. To harness the potential of formative assessment in the writing classroom, it is axiomatic that classroom assessment practices be geared towards maximizing student learning. This provides the impetus for my study, which investigates an EFL teacher's attempt to implement formative assessment in her writing classroom and its impact on her classroom practice and students' beliefs and attitudes to writing.     

制度困境与农村残疾人的文化参与:一项实证研究

促进农村残疾人的文化参与,是实现农村社会和谐的重要保证。实证研究结果表明:制度缺失、制度冲突、制度曲行对农村残疾人文化参与的机会与质量有着不同程度的影响,制度困境是制约农村残疾人文化参与的根本原因。要促进农村残疾人的文化参与,就必须进行制度创新:一是要完善残疾人教育制度;二是要建立残疾人社区关怀机制;三是要健全民间组织管理制度;四是要推进无障碍设施建设。     

新疆城市幼儿家长教育观念的调查与问题研究

家长对孩子的期望直接影响家长的教育行为,隐藏在家长对孩子期望背后的是家长的教育观念.本调查力求通过家长对孩子的能力期望调查,探明家长的教育观念,旨在为自治区城市幼儿园开展高效的家园合作提出相应的对策与建议.     

中国从业者职业成功评定标准相关问题探讨——一项个案研究

职业成功评定标准的确立对于促进从业者身心和谐具有现实意义。大多数学者的关注点都在于主客观评定标准的进一步分割和厘定,并未关注两种衡量标准之间的作用与影响。该文针对这一研究短板,突破现有研究范式,采用个案研究的方式,分析了主观职业成功与客观职业成功之间的相互作用,并发现职业发展阶段和社会性因素在二者作用关系中起到调节作用。在分析基础上提出主客观标准相互作用理论模型。     

评价中心介入市场营销实践教学模式研究

评价中心是一种包含多种测评方法和技术的综合测评系统,是一种重要的人才素质测评方法。传统的市场营销教学模式已经无法满足当今激烈竞争的市场对于人才多元化的需求,评价中心技术的介入,将弥补市场营销传统人才培养模式的局部缺陷,从而培养出适应力更强、能力更全面的市场人力资源。     

拓展与保护:残疾人政治参与权利研究

残疾人各项权益的保护越来越受到人们的重视,在残疾人的各项权利之中,政治参与权利具有特殊的地位和意义。本文从理论根据和现实状况上对残疾人的政治参与权利进行了初步阐述,并进一步提出了完善我国残疾人政治参与权利平等保护的几点建议。     

发展性评价:学生评价的理性选择

学生评价是教育评价的重要内容,由于受历史文化、社会现实和传统教育观的影响,学生评价存在过于注重甄别选拔功能、评价主体单一、评价目标内容偏狭及忽视差异性等问题.发展性学生评价应通过确立全面的评价目标内容、实施多元主体的差异性评价和综合运用多样化的评价方法实现对传统学生评价的超越,切实促进学生的全面发展.     

自闭症视障儿童的个案评估

视障教育教师团队使用了 5个评定表 ,对一名刚入学的自闭症视障儿童进行评估和分析 ,发现 :该学生功能性听力异常、触觉有过敏倾向、言语无法表达、情绪和行为异常 ,但智力正常、人际关系良好、身体发育正常 ,该学生被诊断为自闭症视障儿童。针对个案评估结果 ,提出了合理的教育对策。     

随班就读聋童的家庭教育个案研究报告

运用个案研究法,通过对访谈、观察资料进行分析来探讨成功随班就读聋童家庭教育的经验,为特殊教育工作者和家长提供适当的建议。研究内容包括随班就读聋童家庭教育的条件、家长的教育能力、家庭教育的内容以及家庭教育的方式和效果。提出如下建议营造和谐的家庭氛围,建立良好的亲子关系;重视自我教育,提高自身素质;关注聋童青春期发展,尤其是自我意识发展。     

案例教学法在环境影响评价中的应用探讨

本文分析了环境影响评价案例教学的必要性和适合性,探讨了案例教学在环境影响评价课程教学中的几种运用方法,这些方法经教学实践的检验,效果良好。并提出了案例教学对教师的更高要求。     

学生评价的转向:基于发展性评价的视角

创新人才培养迫切要求教育评价的转向。发展性评价作为一种"过程和结果并重、教学与评价紧密结合"的评价新理念,要全面实施必须实现全面发展的学生评价体系的转向、教师发展性评价的转向、教育评价管理理念的转化以及教育评价手段的升级和更新。     

网络技术下提高大学生英语听力的合作促学形成性评价方式的实证研究

大学生英语听说能力的提高是整个大学英语教学改革中的重点和难点。因此,改变传统的单一的终结性评价模式,建立新型的多样化的评价模式,将形成性评价用于语言教学的过程,不仅是让其作为评价的手段,而且是通过它达到促学的目的。在对理工科的非英语专业学生的英语听力教学上,将善于操作计算机和网络的优点和这种新的形成性评价方式结合起来,可以促进学生英语听说能力的提高,是教学改革方面的一个有益尝试。     

An Australian Proposal for Doing Critical Literacy Assessment: The Case of Writing

In this article we present current thinking and practices in Queens land, Australia, about how to do critical literacy assessment in the English classroom. In taking this focus, we propose and discuss a framework that brings together interest in text analysis and social practices. Then, we apply the framework showing how it can be used to generate writing tasks and assessment criteria that are consistent with critical pedagogy. Finally, the challenges of moving to a socially critical, discourse‐oriented approach to assessment are considered.     

合格性评价:基础教育评价的应然选择

我国基础教育评价中的选拔性评价几乎替代了合格性评价,这是基础教育走向均衡发展过程中的一个根本症结。这种取向异化了现代基础教育的性质,限制了青少年儿童的个性,也使高等教育和精英教育迷失了真正意义上的公平起点。基础教育应当以培养普通劳动者为具体目标,它的评价应当由选拔性评价转向合格性评价。具有法定权威的基础教育评价应当严格规约底线,宽松释放顶线,把基础教育从普通高等学校入学考试竞争中剥离出来。基础教育选择合格性评价,对社会人力资源、高等教育以及基础教育自身都具有可持续发展的意义。     

婴幼儿发展性评价的内涵、特点及功能

婴幼儿发展性评价是关注婴幼儿发展过程的评价,它强调发挥评价促进发展的功能,强调评价内容的全面性,强调评价主体和评价方法的多元化,强调评价对婴幼儿原有发展状态的改进作用.婴幼儿发展性评价符合当前学前教育改革的需要.婴幼儿发展性评价以指向性、即时性、情境性、个别性为主要特征,具有导向、诊断、记录等功能,遵循建议性、过程性、多元性、全面性原则,能促进教师、婴幼儿、课程三方面的共同发展.     

Moving Toward a Comprehensive Assessment System: A Framework for Considering Interim Assessments

Local assessment systems are being marketed as formative, benchmark, predictive, and a host of other terms. Many so-called formative assessments are not at all similar to the types of assessments and strategies studied by   Black and Wiliam (1998)   but instead are interim assessments. In this article, we clarify the definition and uses of interim assessments and argue that they can be an important piece of a comprehensive assessment system that includes formative, interim, and summative assessments. Interim assessments are given on a larger scale than formative assessments, have less flexibility, and are aggregated to the school or district level to help inform policy. Interim assessments are driven by their purpose, which fall into the categories of instructional, evaluative, or predictive. Our intent is to provide a specific definition for these interim assessments and to develop a framework that district and state leaders can use to evaluate these systems for purchase or development. The discussion lays out some concerns with the current state of these assessments as well as hopes for future directions and suggestions for further research.     

课堂教学评价重在“评学”

课程评价是新课程改革的关键,课堂教学评价是课程评价的重要组成部分,是新课程实施的导航器。在课改“以学生的发展为本”的理念下,课堂教学评价的重点要从传统的“评教”转到“评学”上来,以此促进教师转变观念,改进教学。全文论述了课堂评价重在“评学”的意义,并对怎样“评学”提出了一些见解。     

动态评估：一种能力评测的新视角

动态评估是最近二、三十年国外兴起的一种新的能力评估取向。它改变传统静态评估的“结果导向”为“过程导向”,立足于个体的能力是开放的、灵活的、可塑造的而非僵化的、固定的观念,从一种动态历时的角度对个体进行评估,旨在促进个体认知能力的改变并对其发展潜能进行评估。这样一种新的评测视角的转变,对于人才培养和教育观念的更新具有重要的启发意义。     

Assessment of Cooperative Learning: A Goal-Criterion Approach

The problem of assessment of non-traditional teaching techniques has long challenged educational administrators and faculty. The approach to assessment that we followed in this instance employed a model that we developed to assess group learning, variously known as cooperative learning, collaborative learning, or team learning. We applied the model to group-based case study courses that included innovative enhancements such as group exams and group-based role-play. The model required balanced representation among multiple learning criteria arranged in six goal-criterion sets, all drawn from the literature on group learning. We designed a test instrument based on the model and administered the instrument to 85 students near the end of three business strategy courses. Imbalances among criteria in the six goal-criterion sets helped identify and correct weaknesses in course design and in methods of instruction.     

Vulnerable children of mentally ill parents: towards evidence‐based support for improving resilience

The increasing prevalence of mental illness among parents always represents a stressor affecting the biopsychosocial development of a child. However, due to varying inherent resilience factors, not all children are affected to the same extent. The presence of evidence‐based resilience factors is able to minimise or prevent the adverse effects associated with the parental disorder. Fostering an attachment to a healthy adult – including professionals in the social field – and providing information about the disorder are regarded as two important preventive factors. The need for specific individualised intervention programmes for this group of forgotten children is highlighted, and a specific method of assessment is presented.