高等职业教育与大学无缝对接的实现机制——澳大利亚学分转换模式探析

高等职业教育与大学无缝对接机制为学生提供了更多的学习机会,有利于终身教育的实现.具有鲜明特色的澳大利亚职业技术和继续教育学院(TAFE)与大学之间的学分转换体制是无缝对接机制的有效实现方式.本文分析了澳大利亚学分转换计划的动因、实施水平、阻碍和可能的解决措施.     

2+2 Statewide Articulation Policy,Student Persistence,and Success in Florida Universities

The reported study in this paper examined the continuing viability of Florida's 2+2 articulation agreement by comparing academic success and persistence among Florida public community college graduates (n = 1,738) and native (n = 874) juniors at three universities. Discriminant analysis yielded statistically significant differences. Transfer students graduated with fewer lower level courses in upper division and fewer cumulative credit hours than native students. Discriminant analysis did not yield appreciable differences in the final grade point averages of student graduates, indicating that community college transfer students performed just as well academically as native students. Chi-square tests of independence indicated that a greater percentage of transfers dropped out prior to graduation. These findings support the conclusion that community college transfers are academically competitive, but they may benefit from retention services and programs that engender student engagement.     

Mind the gap: Chinese diploma student views of bridges and barriers to transferring into a Canadian university

One common modality of transnational higher education partnerships is programme articulations. These agreements typically include 1?+?3 or 2?+?2 or 3?+?2 arrangements, whereby students study in their home institution first, and then transfer to complete their degree studies in a partner host institution. In this type of programme articulation agreement, the transfer of students from the home institution to the host institution is not necessarily guaranteed, with many steps and challenges in the students’ decision-making process. While there may be an expectation of articulation between countries and institutions when an agreement is signed, relationships, information and communication to support student transfer from home to host institution can be underestimated. This quantitative study examines a programme articulation arrangement between a Chinese polytechnic and a Canadian university, specifically through a student view. Findings identify barriers to articulation and also the information Chinese students identify as necessary to support their decision-making on whether to progress from a diploma (China) to a degree (Canada), and what types and frequencies of communication are expected.     

Graduating as a ‘native speaker’: international students and English language proficiency in higher education

The current concern about low levels of English proficiency among international students who graduate from degree courses – that students’ English language skills are not being developed during their higher education experience – reflects negatively on the quality of Australian higher education and its graduates. More careful selection of students and increased use of English language testing are among the solutions put forward. These debates over English language proficiency tend to construct English language as a skill that can be applied in any context and ‘native‐speaker’‐levels of language ability as essential for employment. Within such a formulation international students can only ever be defined as in deficit. Drawing on socio‐cultural theories of language learning and academic literacy, alternative understandings of language proficiency in internationalized higher education are explored. Improved communication skills among graduates are likely to be achieved through a better understanding of issues beyond classroom instruction, such as barriers to social integration with native‐speakers, which reveal many international students unable to access adequate levels of language experience. Without wider perspectives on the debate over English language proficiency in higher education, the many benefits of having international students in higher education institutions are obscured by negative attitudes and unrealistic expectations.     

Swirling Students: Articulation Between A Major Community College District and a State-Supported Research University

As the country experiences a recession and institutions of higher education increase tuition to compensate for diminishing state support, the transferability of credits among and between institutions is essential to students seeking to earn a baccalaureate degree. Students, parents, and taxpayers cannot afford to pay twice for the same courses or for additional courses. In this environment, articulation becomes a very important issue, particularly when research has shown that a significant number of students enroll in more than one institution on their path to a degree. The focus of this article is the swirling students between the Maricopa Community Colleges and Arizona State University. Swirling students, also a national phenomenon, encounter a number of challenges that institutions need to address. The history of articulation agreements in Arizona was explored to provide insight into the transfer model available to students enrolled at the Maricopa Community Colleges and Arizona State University. The data revealed that the extent of student swirl is greater than initially anticipated and transcends beyond lower division coursework into the senior year. After considering the findings and conclusions based on the data, this article concludes that transparent institutional intentionality is imperative to effective articulation agreements that accommodate student swirl.     

欧洲和北美学分积累与转换系统的比较研究——以欧洲ECTS与加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省BCTS为例

学分积累和转换是实现学生自由流动、促进社会成员终身学习的重要途径。目前,世界范围内很多国家和地区都已经建立了较为成熟的学分积累和转换系统,这其中以欧洲和北美地区最为出色。研究者采用比较研究的方法,对欧洲和北美地区比较有代表性的学分积累和转换系统——欧洲的ECTS和加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的BCTS,进行了对比分析,希望通过对比二者的异同,为我国正在开展的学分银行建设提供借鉴。比较分析发现,欧洲和北美的学分积累和转换系统建立的目的都是为了实现学习成果互认、促进高等教育资源共享,促进终身学习,但在学分积累和转换的具体策略、应用范围、应用效果等方面存在差异。欧洲通过制定一般性的准则、采用一些有利于学习结果透明化的工具,来为学分的积累和转换提供支持;而北美采用了社区学院和大学之间签订课程认证协议的方式,这种方式更为明确具体。欧洲的学分积累和转换系统在应用范围上更为广泛,但北美的学分转换系统在应用效果上优于对方。     

高等教育视域下的“占领华尔街”

本文试图在高等教育视域下解读"占领华尔街运动"。"占领华尔街"的直接原因是经济上的三座大山——学费上涨、就业困难、债务加重,而其深层原因在于学术资本主义横行,冲击教育公平,影响教育质量,威胁大学传统。继20世纪60年代的美国学生运动之后,时隔半个世纪,"占领华尔街运动"将再次对美国高等教育产生深刻影响。     

A Waste of Time? (Private Rates of Return to Higher Education in the 1990s)

Since 1990, there has been considerable debate concerning the benefits of the expansion of higher education and the appropriate way to fund such an expansion. This paper demonstrates that three factors are decisive to the individual contemplating higher education: national economic growth; the relative earnings of graduates and non-graduates; the difference between the average and the marginal student. The results, of analysis based on rates of return, reaffirm the view that a proportion of the costs involved in higher education can be transferred to the graduates themselves in the form of loans. However, there appear to be limits to the costs that can be transferred if all students are to judge that undergraduate study is a worthwhile proposition. Notwithstanding this, most students could be lent more income to study than is now the case and indeed an average student would be advised to take any loans despite the greater debt. Marginal students, however, are making a risky private investment and, therefore, any decisions to further expand may result in students not taking up the places.     

深圳高等职业教育发展的若干思考

深圳高等职业教育一直走在全国的前列,但仍存在亟待解决的许多问题,如生源、校企合作、高等教育同质化、职业特色师资建设、高职发展方向等,解决好这些问题是壮大深圳高职教育的前提。文中分析了深圳高等职业教育发展中存在的问题,并提出了促进深圳高职教育发展的若干建议。     

Extra-Curricular Activity and the Transition from Higher Education to Work: A Survey of Graduates in the United Kingdom

This paper focuses on the effects of extra‐curricular activity on graduates' transition from higher education to the labour market. The study is based on a survey of 119 graduates conducted in 2004 in the UK. The data gathered cover a large range of social and leisure activities that the graduates carried on while students at their universities. Several aspects of their transitional process from student to worker are also covered. Data were analysed by means of linear and logistic regression models. Results show that extra‐curricular activity has a significant influence on the transition process. First, extra‐curricular experience gives access to better occupational status but lengthens the period of unemployment preceding the first job. Second, as compared with the most frequently observed extra‐curricular behaviour, two profiles could be distinguished: the one better performing than average, and the other worse performing. Results suggest extra‐curricular strategies to better enable graduates' effective transition to work.     

新建本科院校旅游专业学生就业现状与对策研究——以闽江学院旅游系旅游管理专业为例

旅游业的快速发展为新建本科院校旅游专业学生带来了广阔的就业前景,但是在实际发展的情况中,新建本科院校旅游专业的毕业生选择旅游酒店及旅行社等专业行业的越来越少,旅游管理专业毕业生“不从事旅游专业工作”、“旅游行业高流失率”等现象十分普遍,这实质是对旅游教育资源的极大浪费。本文以新建本科院校闽江学院为例,基于社会网络理论的视角,通过跟踪调查三届的毕业生,分析了旅游管理专业毕业生的就业现状,总结出旅游专业学生就业现状的四维三象成因,在此基础上提出了相应的解决策略,建议实行旅游专业培养的利益相关者共同参与的人才培养模式,建立好大学生就业关系网络,以期合理的引导旅游专业学生更好地服务旅游产业,促进新建本科院校旅游教育的可持续发展。     

Articulation and transfer: a symbiotic relationship with lifelong learning

The purpose of this paper is to identify and discussthe inter-relationships between the phenomenon called articulation of curricula and transfer of credits and lifelong learning. Examples feature discussions contained in the recently published APEC-HURDIT book, Lifelong Learning: Policies, Practices and Programs. As described by a number of authors in that book, three futures are predictable for short-cycle higher education systems: institutions essentially non-universities now in planning or developing stages worldwide are likely to modify courses and strengthen distance learning and prior learning delivery techniques for growing numbers of adult re-entry students; industry will become increasingly involved in the delivery of postsecondary education; and technology will expedite non-traditional and non-sponsored education. (Kintzer 1997: 69). Responses to major questions and final comments deal primarily with the three futures in the order mentioned. Illustrative material and interpretations related to experiences in the United States on short-cycle (community) colleges are also interspersed throughout the text. The three predictable futures discussed with particular reference to Pacific Rim countries may also be transferrable in policy planning and action to other nations where a symbiotic relationship between articulation and transfer, and lifelong learning is emerging. Other investigations are therefore strongly recommended. For example, continuing studies of relationships between Universities and the developing Colleges of Further Education in the UK would be very appropriate. In addition, major questions under discussion throughout Europe are: Should the German fachhochschulen- the postsecondary technical institutions so abundant in the former West Germany- become a pattern for other countries in Central and Eastern Europe? How should such short-cycle institutions be related to national universities in credit transfer and lifelong learning opportunities? Similar questions are being asked in Kenya where the well-established ‘Harambee’ technical institutes are gaining momentum. Testing and evaluation of the three futures discussed in this article should be continuous processes worldwide.     

Learning with trade unions: a contemporary agenda in employment relations

This paper seeks to advance our understanding of the credit transfer phenomenon in the UK, specifically how students draw on a credit as a form of institutional cultural capital. Drawing on interviews with 26 part-time mature learners, this paper examines the progressive and retrospective orientations to study that surfaced in students' accounts of credit transfer and their lifelong learning journeys. A common theme of ‘unfinished business’ appeared to dominate these accounts and a narrative-oriented analysis of the findings revealed the role of credit transfer in enabling students to complete varied personal projects or forms of ‘unfinished business’. The findings of this work suggest that in an increasingly complex higher education market, there is a need to understand students' strategic use of the credit they accumulate. In particular, this paper explores how credit transfer features in the narratives of students' successful learning journeys.     

国家助学贷款政策缘何陷入困境?——基于博弈论的视角

国家助学贷款是践行教育公平理念的重要政策之一。国家助学贷款所涉及的利益主体被归纳为银行、贷款学生和第三方中介,以博弈论为工具分析三方主体的决策取向,解释了目前的助学贷款政策施行乏力的现象。银行的经济人属性是其缺乏放贷动力的主要原因;信用制度体系的不完善和不合理的还款制度是学生高违约率的主要原因;而风险补偿金机制的引入使得贷款风险向政府和高校转移是第三方中介不积极支持助学贷款政策的主要原因。     

Historical Trends of Articulation in America: A Review of the Literature

Articulation agreements have been part of the American educational scene for well over 100 years. Initially implemented as a tool for more effectively and efficiently delivering liberal educations, they became more common as the numbers of community colleges grew during the 1960s and 1970s. During the mid-1980s, the universal education promise of open enrollment was seen by many as a way of “dead-ending” minority students. This perception attracted much scholarly attention and foundation funding. It also resulted in many efforts to improve minority transfer, including negotiated articulation agreements. The past decade has seen higher education expenses increase more rapidly than other state expenses. Articulation agreements are attractive during such periods because of their cost savings potential. Scholars and administrators involved in developing these agreements can prepare themselves for discussions and negotiations by understanding some of the reasons why they have varied in popularity and utility. This literature review analyzed the sociocultural and historical contexts affecting articulation. It also sought answers to research questions addressing the chronological progression and prevalent trends in the development of the processes of articulation, the relationship these trends have to the historical and regional variations in support for articulation agreements, and the levels of student success in articulated programs of study.     

完善中等职业学校毕业生直接升学制度的思考

构建中等职业学校毕业生直接升学制度是中国教育体制改革的一项战略举措.因为职业学校毕业生有专业属性,所以这种升学办法的设计就要比对普通高考招生复杂.通过招生,高等职业教育可能对中等职业教育产生负效的反作用.以考试为主去选拔,将关于专业知识(技能)考试可选三种方案的利弊做了分析.同时,回顾改革开放以来,甘肃省职业学校毕业生直接升学办法改革的经历,又对部分省高等职业学院面向"三校生"招生办法进行了比较.认为中等职业教育实行办学目标"双元化"改革,是完善职业学校毕业生直接升学制度的基础.     

Lifelong Debt: Rates of Return to Mature Study

High rates of return to first degrees have been used to justify increased student financial contributions to higher education. However, no discrete study of rates of return to mature graduates has been carried out although mature graduates now form a significant proportion of the student population. The General Household Survey 1983–1992 was used to examine the earnings of mature graduates compared with those of matriculates. The GHS yielded 616 mature graduate men in full-time work and 296 mature graduate women who were in full-time employment. It was found that the rate of return to mature male graduates was just above one per cent. With recent added costs, new male mature graduates can be forecast to make a sizeable loss on their study. Rates of return to women mature graduates were higher, between five and six per cent, and, based on these figures, the recent increased cost of mature graduate study should be covered by increased earnings. However, these calculations are based on average earnings for the modal age cohort of mature graduates. Those who are older when they complete or earn below the average (a large percentage) will not recoup the costs of study.     

基于“学分银行”的高职人才培养路径探析——以物联网应用技术专业为例

职业教育与普通教育是两种不同类型的教育。国家学分银行制度以及高职院校正积极践行的"学分制"人才培养方案的修订,使得学习的内容和形式更具个性以适应学生来源的多样性,以及服务学生技能提升的长期性。在校内打造技能创新服务课程计入学分,让职业教育成为经济活动的内生变量,更好地服务于迅速发展的区域经济。构建产教融合、实现校企协同育人模式、最终学生受益的"校企生"三融合命运共同体,是职业技能类型教育高质量提升的关键点,也是构建公民职业技能终身发展的重要举措。以基于"学分银行"的物联网应用技术专业学分制人才培养方案为例,探索学校、企业、学生三融合的协同共赢育人机制,促进职业类型教育的发展。     

The effect of articulation agreements on community college transfers and bachelor’s degree attainment

For more than a century, community colleges have provided a postsecondary education alternative to the traditional, 4-year university. Enrolling disproportionate numbers of both disadvantaged and nontraditional students, the community college sector has seen unparalleled gains in enrollment over the past few decades. Along with these increases in enrollment, there has been a shift in focus toward transfer to 4-year institutions, as well as the development of articulation agreements. Established in order to ease the transfer process from community colleges to 4-year colleges/universities—for those students interested in obtaining a bachelor’s degree—these agreements currently exist in more than 30 states. Via two-level, hierarchical linear modeling, this article examines the student and school level characteristics of community colleges that affect transfer and bachelor’s degree attainment rates. Also examined is the impact of articulation agreements. Ultimately, while articulation agreements are not found to yield a significant effect on transfer rates, they are found to have significant, positive effects on bachelor’s degree attainment rates.