疏水缔合水溶性聚合物P(AM-SA)的合成与性能

本文采用自由基胶束聚合合成疏水缔合水溶性聚合物聚(丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸十八酯)P(AM-SA),红外光谱表征聚合物结构,元素分析法分析聚合物组分,研究了聚合物反应的影响因素。结果表明:物料配比、反应温度、引发剂、反应时间都是聚合反应的影响因素,得出聚合反应的最佳条件为:丙烯酰胺(AM)10.000g,丙烯酸十八酯(SA)用量为AM的0.75%(摩尔比),表面活性剂(SDS)用量为反应单体总质量的3%,引发剂(APS)用量为反应单体总质量的0.25%,在N2保护下反应时间6小时,反应转化率可达86.7%,制得的产物分子量可达×106数量级,具有最好的增粘性能。     

丙烯酸与十八醇酯化反应动力学研究

甲苯等为带水剂,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,对苯二酚为阻聚剂,丙烯酸与十八醇进行酯化反应,用阿贝折射仪测定丙烯酸和水混合液中的水量,非线性最小二乘法计算得到在１２２±１℃下酯化反应动力学方程式为：ｄｘ／ｄｔ＝ ０．０４５８（ Ｃ Ａ０ － ｘ）（ Ｃ Ｂ０ － ｘ）（ｘ 为反应生成的丙烯酸十八酯浓度, Ｃ Ａ０、 Ｃ Ｂ０ 分别为反应物丙烯酸和十八醇的初始浓度）, 讨论了催化剂用量、温度等对丙烯酸与十八醇酯化反应的影响,并测定了本实验条件下的活化能（１５８．５ ｋ Ｊ／ｍ ｏｌ）⒚该反应体系的反应动力学方程为：ｒ＝ ｄｘ／ｄｔ＝ ［３．１２３ Ｅ１０１９×ｅｘｐ（－ １９０６０／ Ｔ）］×（ Ｃ Ａ Ｏ－ ｘ）（ Ｃ Ｂ Ｏ－ ｘ     

软物质物理：新的前沿学科

软物质(soft matter)或称软凝聚态物质(soft condensed matter)是指处于固体和理想流体之间的物质。软物质一般由大分子或基团(固、液、气)组成，如液晶、聚合物、胶体、双亲分子、泡沫、颗粒物质、生命体系等，在自然界、生命体、日常生活和生产中广泛存在。生物体基本上由软物质组成，如细胞、体液、膜、蛋白等；液晶、高分子聚合物、泡沫等在技术和生产中已广泛应用。     

丙烯酸二十二酯的合成探讨

本文以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,丙烯酸与正二十二碳醇为原料合成了丙烯酸二十二酯。分别讨论了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间、溶剂用量等因素对酯化率的影响。确定了最佳工艺条件为：酸醇物质的量比为1．15：1,催化剂对甲苯磺酸用量为1．2％,反应时间为8小时,溶剂与原料比0．7：1,丙烯酸二十二酯的酯化率为95．3％。     

非润湿单分子成膜驱油技术研究与应用

针对中原油田目前采油技术中存在的问题,对非润湿单分子成膜技术进行了研究,分析了非润湿单分子膜剂驱油机理,对单分子膜剂的表面性质、驱油效果以及对岩心的污染性进行了实验.实验表明,单分子膜剂不在于降低表面张力,而在于改变固液界面的润湿性,它可以使水湿(接触角<90°)或油湿(接触角>90°)界面变为中间润湿(接触角约90°);加入单分子膜剂可使固体表面的水膜破裂,从而剥离表面的残余油;在一定温度及压力下,单分子膜剂比注入水驱可提高采出程度10%以上,且对岩心的污染极小,或没有污染.室内实验及先导性试验表明,非润湿单分子成膜技术具有良好的驱油效果,是一项具有很大潜力的技术.     

寻找对映体生命

我们知道，生命是由碳元素组成的，碳原子在形成有机分子的时候，4个原子或基团可以通过4根共价键形成三维的空间结构。由于相连的原子或基团不同，它会形成两种分子结构。这两种分子拥有完全一样的物理、化学性质。比如它们的沸点一样，溶解度和光谱也一样。但是从分子的组成形状来看，它们依然是两种分子。这种情形像是镜子里和镜子外的物体那样，看上去互为对应。由于是三维结构，它们不管怎样旋转都不会重合，就像我们的左手和右手那样，所以又叫手性分子。     

有机化合物的闪点与分子组成的关联及预测

根据分子结构的特点，通过对有机化合物的闪点和分子组成进行关联，发展了一种预测有机化合物闪点的普适方法－三参数基团贡献法，对750种有机化合物的计算结果表明，闪点预测值与实验值的一致性令人满意，平均误差4．71％，本文方法的提出，不仅揭示了有机化合物的闪点与分子组成之间的定量关系，而且为工程上提出了一种预测闪点的有效方法。     

聚乳酸合成的国内外发展现状

早在1780年，瑞典化学家席勒（Scheele）就从发酸的牛奶中提炼出一种有机酸，称之为乳酸。美国著名的化学家W．H．Carothem等在1932年用丙交酯开环聚合法合成了聚乳酸（PLA），但由于所得聚合物分子量较低，机械性能差，作为强度材料几乎没有什么用途，未引起人们重视，只是被看用一种中间体，用于增塑剂或以PLA的形式贮存或运输乳酸而已。     

发现常温下固体表面的水层可以不亲水

上海应用物理所方海平研究员与其博士生王春雷等,通过理论分析水的特性,发现常温下的液态水在一个特定的表面上可以不亲水,即这层常温的水层是疏水的。他们运用分子动力学模拟发现水滴在一层单分子水层上的稳定存在。该项研究的表面具有非常特殊的性质——既排斥亲水基团（由于第一层水分子的疏水特性）又不吸附疏水基团（由于固体表面的亲水特性）的特性．     

冰淇淋用复合乳化剂的研制

本试验以分子蒸馏型单甘酯、蔗糖酯SE-15两种乳化剂为研究对象,以感官检验、理化指标检验为评价指标,通过单因素试验优选出适用于冰淇淋的乳化剂适宜添加范围,通过配置不同HLB冰淇淋进行分析,得出当分子蒸馏型单甘酯、蔗糖酯SE-15两者的比例为9.2∶13.2时,冰淇淋的组织结构和口感最佳,冰激淋从感现检验、粘度、膨胀率、抗融性等方面效果最佳.     

Characterization of low viscosity polymer solutions for microchip electrophoresis of non-denatured proteins on plastic chips

In this paper, we study characteristics of polymers (methylcellulose, hypromellose ((hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and poly(vinyl alcohol)) with different chemical structures for microchip electrophoresis of non-denatured protein samples in a plastic microchip made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Coating efficiency of these polymers for controlling protein adsorption onto the channel surface of the plastic microchip, wettability of the PMMA surface, and electroosmotic flow in the PMMA microchannels in the presence of these polymers were compared. Also relative electrophoretic mobility of protein samples in solutions of these polymers was studied. We showed that when using low polymer concentrations (lower than the polymer entanglement point) where the sieving effect is substantially negligible, the interaction of the samples with the polymer affected the electrophoretic mobility of the samples. This effect can be used for achieving better resolution in microchip electrophoresis of protein samples.     

A novel surface modification technique for forming porous polymer monoliths in poly(dimethylsiloxane)

A new method of surface modification is described for enabling the in situ formation of homogenous porous polymer monoliths (PPMs) within poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic channels that uses 365 nm UV illumination for polymerization. Porous polymer monolith formation in PDMS can be challenging because PDMS readily absorbs the monomers and solvents, changing the final monolith morphology, and because PDMS absorbs oxygen, which inhibits free-radical polymerization. The new approach is based on sequentially absorbing a non-hydrogen-abstracting photoinitiator and the monomers methyl methacrylate and ethylene diacrylate within the walls of the microchannel, and then polymerizing the surface treatment polymer within the PDMS, entangled with it but not covalently bound. Four different monolith compositions were tested, all of which yielded monoliths that were securely anchored and could withstand pressures exceeding the bonding strength of PDMS (40 psi) without dislodging. One was a recipe that was optimized to give a larger average pore size, required for low back pressure. This monolith was used to concentrate and subsequently mechanical lyse B lymphocytes.     

Phospholipid—polymer amphiphile hybrid assemblies and their interaction with macrophages

Recently, the combination of lipids and block copolymers has become an alternative to liposomes and polymersomes as nano-sized drug carriers. We synthesize novel block copolymers consisting of poly(cholesteryl acrylate) as the hydrophobic core and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) as the hydrophilic extensions. Their successful phospholipid-assisted assembly into vesicles is demonstrated using the evaporation-hydration method. The preserved thermo-responsive property of the lipid-polymer hybrids is shown by a temperature dependent adsorption behaviour of the vesicles to poly(l lysine) coated surfaces. As expected, the vesicle adsorption is found to be higher at elevated temperatures. The cellular uptake efficiency of hybrids is assessed using macrophages with applied shear stress. The amount of adhering macrophages is affected by the time and level of applied shear stress. Further, it is found that shorter PNIPAAm extensions lead to higher uptake of the assemblies by the macrophages with applied shear stress. No inherent cytotoxicity is observed at the tested conditions. Taken together, this first example of responsive lipid-polymer hybrids, and their positive biological evaluation makes them promising nano-sized drug carrier candidates.     

PEO–PPO–PEO嵌段共聚物的聚集行为及其在胶团萃取中的应用（英文）

从分子水平研究了PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物聚集过程中分子基团微环境和构象的变化。FTIR光谱给出了温度、溶剂、嵌段共聚物组成等影响PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物胶团结构的定量信息。用无机盐和脂肪醇调控PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物聚集，荧光光谱技术提供了降低PPO链段与水的相互作用，推动嵌段共聚物在水中胶团化的证据。用水凝胶包埋PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物，实现了萃取水中低浓度多环芳烃的工艺循环。     

Isolation and manipulation of living adherent cells by micromolded magnetic rafts

A new strategy for magnetically manipulating and isolating adherent cells with extremely high post-collection purity and viability is reported. Micromolded magnetic elements (termed microrafts) were fabricated in an array format and used as culture surfaces and carriers for living, adherent cells. A poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) polymer containing well dispersed magnetic nanoparticles was developed for creating the microstructures by molding. Nanoparticles of γFe(2)O(3) at concentrations up to 1% wt.∕wt. could be used to fabricate microrafts that were optically transparent, highly magnetic, biocompatible, and minimally fluorescent. To prevent cellular uptake of nanoparticles from the magnetic polymer, a poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) layer lacking γFe(2)O(3) nanoparticles was placed over the initial magnetic microraft layer to prevent cellular uptake of the γFe(2)O(3) during culture. The microraft surface geometry and physical properties were altered by varying the polymer concentration or layering different polymers during fabrication. Cells plated on the magnetic microrafts were visualized using standard imaging techniques including brightfield, epifluorescence, and confocal microscopy. Magnetic microrafts possessing cells of interest were dislodged from the array and efficiently collected with an external magnet. To demonstrate the feasibility of cell isolation using the magnetic microrafts, a mixed population of wild-type cells and cells stably transfected with a fluorescent protein was plated onto an array. Microrafts possessing single, fluorescent cells were released from the array and magnetically collected. A post-sorting single-cell cloning rate of 92% and a purity of 100% were attained.     

Protein and cell patterning in closed polymer channels by photoimmobilizing proteins on photografted poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

Definable surface chemistry is essential for many applications of microfluidic polymer systems. However, small cross-section channels with a high surface to volume ratio enhance passive adsorption of molecules that depletes active molecules in solution and contaminates the channel surface. Here, we present a one-step photochemical process to coat the inner surfaces of closed microfluidic channels with a nanometer thick layer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), well known to strongly reduce non-specific adsorption, using only commercially available reagents in an aqueous environment. The coating consists of PEG diacrylate (PEGDA) covalently grafted to polymer surfaces via UV light activation of the water soluble photoinitiator benzoyl benzylamine, a benzophenone derivative. The PEGDA coating was shown to efficiently limit the adsorption of antibodies and other proteins to <5% of the adsorbed amount on uncoated polymer surfaces. The coating could also efficiently suppress the adhesion of mammalian cells as demonstrated using the HT-29 cancer cell line. In a subsequent equivalent process step, protein in aqueous solution could be anchored onto the PEGDA coating in spatially defined patterns with a resolution of <15 μm using an inverted microscope as a projection lithography system. Surface patterns of the cell binding protein fibronectin were photochemically defined inside a closed microfluidic device that was initially homogeneously coated by PEGDA. The resulting fibronectin patterns were shown to greatly improve cell adhesion compared to unexposed areas. This method opens for easy surface modification of closed microfluidic systems through combining a low protein binding PEG-based coating with spatially defined protein patterns of interest.     

自清洁功能的高分子仿生表面研究取得新进展

我们仿造有超疏水性质和自清洁功能荷叶表面的微米鄄纳米双重结构,通过分子设计和大分子在溶液及凝聚过程中分子形态的控制,采用一步法浇铸成膜制备出相应的高分子仿生表面,得到了可与荷叶相媲美的超疏水性质和荷叶所不具备的疏油特性,该表面具备自清洁功能和“自修复”功能。     

On the influence of the architecture of poly(ethylene glycol)-based thermoresponsive polymers on cell adhesion

Thermoresponsive polymer surface coatings are a promising tool for cell culture applications. They allow for a mild way of cell detachment that preserves the activity of membrane proteins—a prerequisite for reliable cell analysis. To enlarge the application range of these coatings to cells with different adhesion properties, we synthesized various novel poly(ethylene glycol)-based thermoresponsive polymers and describe how (i) their chemical structure and (ii) their surface density affect their efficiency. In order to quantify the influence of both factors, the time for cell spreading and rounding efficiency were observed. As a result, efficiency of cell rounding, which is closely correlated to cell detachment, is less affected by both factors than the time needed for cell spreading. This time can effectively be adjusted by the molecular architecture which includes the length of the polymer backbone and the side chains. Based on this work, recommendations are given for future optimization of functionality of thermoresponsive polymer coatings for cell culture applications.     

A large-area hemispherical perforated bead microarray for monitoring bead based aptamer and target protein interaction

Herein, we present a large-area 3D hemispherical perforated microwell structure for a bead based bioassay. Such a unique microstructure enables us to perform the rapid and stable localization of the beads at the single bead level and the facile manipulation of the bead capture and retrieval with high speed and efficiency. The fabrication process mainly consisted of three steps: the convex micropatterned nickel (Ni) mold production from the concave micropatterned silicon (Si) wafer, hot embossing on the polymer matrix to generate the concave micropattened acrylate sheet, and reactive ion etching to make the bottom holes. The large-area hemispherical perforated micropatterned acrylate sheet was sandwiched between two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel layers. The bead solution was injected and recovered in the top PDMS microchannel, while the bottom PDMS microchannel was connected with control lines to exert the hydrodynamic force in order to alter the flow direction of the bead solution for the bead capture and release operation. The streptavidin-coated microbead capture was achieved with almost 100% yield within 1 min, and all the beads were retrieved in 10 s. Lysozyme or thrombin binding aptamer labelled microbeads were trapped on the proposed bead microarray, and the in situ fluorescence signal of the bead array was monitored after aptamer-target protein interaction. The protein-aptamer conjugated microbeads were recovered, and the aptamer was isolated for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis to confirm the identity of the aptamer.     

Dynamic in situ chromosome immobilisation and DNA extraction using localized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) phase transition

A method of in situ chromosome immobilisation and DNA extraction in a microfluidic polymer chip was presented. Light-induced local heating was used to induce poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) phase transition in order to create a hydrogel and embed a single chromosome such that it was immobilised. This was achieved with the use of a near-infrared laser focused on an absorption layer integrated in the polymer chip in close proximity to the microchannel. It was possible to proceed to DNA extraction while holding on the chromosome at an arbitrary location by introducing protease K into the microchannel.