On making public policy with publicly available data: The case of U.S. communications policymaking

A fundamental principle of public policymaking should be that public policy must be made with publicly available data. This article develops this position and applies it to an assessment of the current state of communications policymaking, a policy area in which controversies surrounding the transparency of policy research and the accessibility of policy-relevant data have been both common and extremely contentious in recent years. This article provides a detailed assessment of the challenges confronting greater transparency and accessibility of communications policy-relevant data, as well as a detailed set of proposals for improving the current situation, in an effort to build towards an environment in which public policy is made with publicly available data.     

Reference services in U. S. medical school libraries

Results of a 1967/68 survey of reference practices and policies in U. S. medical school libraries are presented. The information was obtained through questionnaires sent to the libraries of medical schools having students currently enrolled; eighty-five replies were returned.     

Knowledge-based information management: implications for information services

The 1994 Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) standards for information management will change the way health care librarians respond to JCAHO accreditation surveys and may affect the way libraries are managed. This article will highlight the changes in the standards and the new opportunities they offer. Implications for library operations and the challenges inherent in working with the new Accreditation Manual for Hospitals (AMH) are also explored. The long-awaited 1994 Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) Accreditation Manual for Hospitals (AMH) is now on most hospital library shelves. As expected, librarians will find that the section on Professional Library Services (the PR chapter) has disappeared and that the standards previously in that section are now incorporated in part into the new Management of Information, or IM chapter. Although this method of grouping standards may be new to many health sciences librarians, the incorporation of library services into IM may actually provide many more opportunities for librarians than the previous method of addressing library services separately.     

Patently Obvious: The place for patents in information literacy in the sciences

Patents are an underutilized source of scientific information, particularly in the life and health sciences. Patents and patent applications usually contain the first disclosure of new technologies and processes and serve to link theory with practice, providing ‘real world’ examples of the application of scientific research. Increasingly, scientific discoveries are reported first in the patent literature, rather than in academic journals. To ensure that science students have the skills that match the information resources they will use as professionals, patent searching must become part of their information literacy instruction. This article will discuss how valuable the patent literature can be to students, and how to incorporate patent searching into library instruction. By way of illustration, a case study will document how students in one class, Biochemistry 561, were introduced to patents.     

The U.S. decennial census: an agenda for change.

"The results and experiences of the 1990 [U.S.] census demonstrate that the American population has grown too diverse and dynamic to be accurately counted solely by the traditional 'headcount' approach, and that fundamental changes must be implemented for a successful census in 2000. In the past, each census was more accurate than the preceding one, in part because of increased spending. However, the accuracy of the 1990 census fell below that of the 1980 census, as census costs escalated significantly. The $2.6 billion the nation spent on the 1990 census represented a 65 percent increase in constant dollars over the cost of the 1980 census. Additional cost escalation with the 2000 census is probable unless needed reforms are implemented. Although it is too early to identify the precise design needed for a more cost-effective census in 2000, the General Accounting Office believes that a number of opportunities for reform are worthy of aggressive attention."     

信息技术对美国劳动力市场的影响

信息技术的发展改变了商务经营方式,使得商务活动能采用灵活的组织形式,小企业正在参与全球竞争,跨国企业则扩展了它们的全球业务。日益增长的竞争、全球通信及组织变革通过对雇佣需求、薪金以及技术要求的影响,正在改变着劳动力市场。     

从美国电子媒体势力演变过程看新老媒体竞争(上)

正在走向市场经济的中国媒介产业 ,报刊 ,广播 ,电视以及新兴的网络媒体 ,如何在日益激烈的广告和受众的竞争中占据有利地位 ,并在竞争中协调合作、共同发展 ,是一个紧迫的课题。美国在这方面起步早 ,经验和教训也多 ,日本中央大学综合政治系教授山口秀夫以一个亚洲研究人员看美国新老媒体竞争演化的视角 ,对之进行了详尽的分析 ,相信会给我们一些启发。     

美国地理空间信息管理体制问题研究

文章重点研究了美国地理空间数据及其组织与管理体制、有关数据分享政策法规建设、地理空间信息政策研究及相关争论等问题,提出我国地理空间信息体制建设和产业发展可借鉴美国经验,重视政策与立法,做好顶层设计,制定科学管理模式,协调各方利益。     

The use of information systems in the Greek public financial services: The case of TAXIS

One of the most important transactions between government and citizens is taxation. The modernization efforts of the public sector using information and communication technology (ΙCT) have led to the application of large information systems. TAXIS (TAX Information System) is a major information system in the Greek public financial sector. It supports the Inland Revenue Services' employees to serve the citizens and the state. This study investigated the TAXIS usage and its evaluation by the tax office employees. An appropriate questionnaire was developed and distributed to tax office employees in three branches. The analysis of one hundred responses revealed useful results for governmental policy makers, tax officials as well as public information system developers. Most responders were pleased with TAXIS' characteristics except of the handbooks' effectiveness and the system's speed. Gender differences were located in their daily usage, problems' awareness, feelings and considerations about the security of TAXIS.     

U.S. District Courts:

No abstract available for this article.     

Government information policy research: Importance, approaches, and realities

Information policy research is a critical tool in the arsenal of library and information science researchers. As developments occur in information access, use, technology, and management, information policies require more attention and research. The article describes the nature of government information policy and policy research, characteristics of policy research, and examples of research methods and approaches that can be used. The differences between textbook-based policy research and how policy research might be implemented in action are also discussed, as are the inter-connectedness of information policies and ways to describe impacts of information policies. The article recommends that researchers and professionals give greater education, training, and professional association attention to using policy research on a day-to-day basis.     

透视文化碰撞中的传播健康研究

美国传播健康研究以健康与医疗问题为切入点 ,直接解释全球化时代多文化身份建构的意义和存在的问题 ,并创新性地提出了具有文化敏感性的传播健康研究模型。其关注普遍性的现实问题 ,坚持进行深入专题研究的指导思想 ,无疑会给国内传播学研究者以深刻的警醒和启发。     

美国政府信息资源再利用:立法、实践与思考

本文介绍了美国政府信息资源再利用的主要立法,分析了保障法律执行的措施,探讨了推进信息资源再利用的部分经验,并就发展我国政府信息资源再利用事业提出若干建议。     

The market for consumer books in the U.S.: 1985–1995

What was the market for consumer books in the United States between 1985 and 1995? What were the Domestic Consumer Expenditures for books during those years? What market problems did consumer books confront? Who purchased books? What types of consumer books did they select? When did they buy them? Where did they shop for them? Why did individuals select a particular title of book category? In this article, the author evaluates statistical data about net book unit and dollar sales and presents the theory that the U.S. consumer book industry is involved in a “zero sum game,” a hotly contested marketing campaign to increase (or at the least maintain) market share against: (1) the incursions of other mass media formats (i.e., television, radio, videos, film, recorded music, the Internet, etc.); (2) competing book categories; (3) sharp increases in periodical purchases by libraries that could cut deeply into this sizable and traditional market for books; and (4) the emerging but increasingly popular electronic publishing formats, including CD-ROMs, online services, and electronic texts (or E-Texts) of books.     

美国图书馆情报学研究生教育及其启示

本文集中分析了美国图书情报学研究生教育的历史、现状和一系列改革措施,并与我国的图书情报学研究生教育进行了比较研究.总结了其对我国图书情报学研究生教育的借鉴意义。