射击运动员赛前焦虑的研究

研究的目的在于调查31名射击运动员赛前焦虑与性别、状态自信心及运动技能水平之间的关系。所有的被试要求在比赛前测试竞赛状态焦虑量表(简称CSAI-2)。结果表明，比赛发挥好的运动员表现出最低的认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑和最高的状态自信心；状态自信心是区分优秀射击运动员与一般射击运动员的良好指标，性别影响着运动员赛前的躯体状态焦虑，射击运动员的最好成绩与高自信心和低焦虑水平相联系。     

大负荷训练期男子乒乓球运动员身体机能变化特点的研究

对8名男子乒乓球专业运员在大运动量封闭式训练结果显示：运动员血清睾酮和游离睾酮明显下降,血清皮质醇和血尿素明显升高,FT/C和T/C的变化与运动成绩于现较为一致的趋势.认为FT/C和T/C可以作为优秀乒乓球运动员的机能评定指标之一.建议可将血清睾酮、游离睾酮和皮质醇作为阶段性机能监控指标,血尿素可以作为小周期机能监控指标.     

血睾酮／皮质醇比值与运动

关于运动对人体血液循环中睾酮、皮质醇的影响和生理机制的研究,一直处于探讨之中.自70年代以来,许多学者就运动对血睾酮、皮质醇的影响进行了大量的研究,研究结果表明,不同的运动负荷量,血睾酮、皮质醇会产生不同的变化.因而反向的利用血睾酮、皮质醇变化可以了解运动负荷量情况.近年来有人提出,生理条件下机体内血睾酮/皮质醇比值的变化可作为判断运动员过度训练的一个较灵敏的指标.     

我国优秀帆板运动员大负荷陆地摇帆训练期间代谢特点研究

为研究我国优秀帆板运动员大负荷陆地摇帆训练期间的代谢特点,建立陆地摇帆训练模式,对16名男子帆板专业运动员分组进行训练。试验结果显示:大负荷陆地摇帆训练使运动员血清睾酮和游离睾酮出现明显下降;大负荷陆地摇帆训练会造成血清皮质醇和血尿素明显升高,血色素含量下降;建议血清睾酮、游离睾酮和皮质醇可以作为阶段性机能监控指标,血色素和血尿素可以作为小周期机能监控指标。帆板运动员FT/C和T/C的变化与运动成绩呈现较为一致的趋势,可以作为优秀帆板运动员的机能评定指标之一。     

一周大运动量训练对柔道少年男运动员内分泌、免疫及代谢机能的影响

为了解一周大运动量运动对柔道少年男性运动员机体代谢和内分泌免疫机能的影响,对少年柔道运动员进行为期1周的大运动量训练,在不同时段测试血清CK、LDH、BUN、T、C和免疫球蛋白等指标。结果发现,睾酮、皮质醇、BUN、CK、LDH和白细胞的变化可以较敏感地反映柔道少年男运动员训练期的机能状况,只有适当的运动训练才能既提高运动员运动水平,又保证其健康。     

女子青年赛艇运动员备战世青赛期间运动机能监控研究

通过对国家女子青年赛艇队运动员在备战世界青年赛艇锦标赛集训期间血清睾酮、血肌酸激酶、血红蛋白、血尿素氮指标的系统监测和分析,结果发现:1)血睾酮指标及血清肌酸激酶指标可以有效反映女子青年赛艇运动员身体机能状态及其对运动强度的适应性,两个指标之间呈现相关性。2)血红蛋白和血尿素氮指标可以反映女子青年赛艇运动员对运动训练的适应程度,同时可以反映运动训练计划安排的科学性及合理性。3)结合各测试指标对运动员进行具体分析,可以了解运动员身体机能状态变化程度及疲劳恢复时间,有利于对运动员赛前状态的调整和训练的安排。     

唾液淀粉酶是评价运动员心理应激状况的可用性指标

在运动训练实践中,迅速、客观地对运动员机能状况进行评价是体育科学科研工作者所追求的目标.迄今为止,运动员心理应激状况的生化评定大多采用血液学指标,如肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、皮质醇等等,这些指标由于采样时有损伤,难以对运动员进行持续观察.     

长期运动训练对优秀女子中长跑运动员睾酮、皮质醇和睾酮／皮质醇比值的影响

观察长期运动训练对女子中长跑运动员的睾酮、皮质醇及睾酮/皮质醇比值变化的影响。对10名优秀女子中长跑运动员两年训练中的5个时间点的睾酮、皮质醇进行测试,实验方法为放射免疫法。女子中长跑运动员等级有提高的趋势;血清睾酮水平有下降再上升的趋势;皮质醇有下降的趋势;下降变化在整个时期内出现统计学意义,实验前后运动队睾酮/皮质醇比值有下降再上升的趋势。在长期训练时,优秀女子中长跑运动员机体出现对运动负荷不适应到适应的过程。     

田径运动员过度疲劳评价体系建立的初步探讨

通过一些最简单、无创性的方法及时检测田径运动员的身体机能状况及对训练负荷的适应性,防止过度疲劳的发生是保证运动员训练质量提高的必要条件。本研究在冬训期间（室内田径锦标赛前2个月）对4名400m健将级运动员进行系统地机能监控,监控指标包括尿去甲肾上腺素、简易问卷、脑电、定量负荷实验、肌肉力量测试,意在通过神经系统、心血管系统、内分泌系统、肌肉系统及心理的变化情况来综合评定运动员的机能状态,在平时训练过程中的监控尽量做到无创、简单,做到及时发现问题、及时反馈信息、及时提出建议及解决方案。研究结果表明：对于田径运动员：（1）去甲肾上腺素是一个很好的训练适应性监控指标,在恢复期去甲肾上腺素下降越多,说明运动员对前阶段的训练负荷适应越好,在随后的训练中可以提高训练负荷;反之,在恢复期去甲肾上腺素升高的越多,说明运动员对前阶段的训练负荷没有适应。在随后的训练中需要减少训练负荷,增加恢复;（2）简易问卷从神经系统。肌肉系统、心理状态等几方面来反应运动员的机能状态。其分值可以作为一较简单的指标用于运动员的日常疲劳监控。（3）尿去甲。肾上腺素、简易问卷分值、脑电、定量负荷试验、肌肉力量测试结果的综合评定能较好地、全面地反映运动员的机能状态,防止过度疲劳的发生。     

高水平男子中长跑运动员冬训期间生理生化指标监测分析

本文研究上海市6名中长跑运动员3个月冬训期间的生理、生化指标的变化情况及规律,结果表明,冬训期随着运动量和运动强度的增加,运动员的肌酸激酶,睾酮、皮质醇均出现不良的变化,通过训练调生后各项指标趋于正常;对中长跑运动员进行机能监控,对科学训练、提高运动成绩有重要的意义.     

Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2): Evaluating the Swedish version by confirmatory factor analyses

The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) is one of the most frequently used instruments when assessing competitive state anxiety in sport psychology research. However, doubts have been expressed about the factorial validity of both the English and the Greek versions of the scale. Hence, a revised version of the inventory (CSAI-2R) has recently been suggested to be more psychometrically sound (Cox et al., ). In the present study, the aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the CSAI-2 using confirmatory factor analyses. A total of 969 athletes (571 men and 398 women) competing in 26 different sports completed the Swedish version of the CSAI-2. Three different factor structures were evaluated: the original three-factor model (with cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence), a two-factor model in which self-confidence was excluded, and a three-factor model containing 17 items (CSAI-2R). The results revealed that only the 17-item model displayed an acceptable fit to the data. Although some doubts remain about the amount of variance that can be attributed to error variance in the subscales, the results suggest that it is better to use the CSAI-2R rather than the original CSAI-2.     

Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2): evaluating the Swedish version by confirmatory factor analyses

The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) is one of the most frequently used instruments when assessing competitive state anxiety in sport psychology research. However, doubts have been expressed about the factorial validity of both the English and the Greek versions of the scale. Hence, a revised version of the inventory (CSAI-2R) has recently been suggested to be more psychometrically sound (Cox et al., 2003). In the present study, the aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the CSAI-2 using confirmatory factor analyses. A total of 969 athletes (571 men and 398 women) competing in 26 different sports completed the Swedish version of the CSAI-2. Three different factor structures were evaluated: the original three-factor model (with cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence), a two-factor model in which self-confidence was excluded, and a three-factor model containing 17 items (CSAI-2R). The results revealed that only the 17-item model displayed an acceptable fit to the data. Although some doubts remain about the amount of variance that can be attributed to error variance in the subscales, the results suggest that it is better to use the CSAI-2R rather than the original CSAI-2.     

A Children's Form of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory: The CSAI-2C

Given the nonexistence of a multidimensional competitive state anxiety inventory for children, the 27-item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2; Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990) was revised. The first phase of the process entailed administering a version (the CSAI-2C) with language modified for children ages 8 to 12 years (N = 119). Exploratory factor analysis supported a 3-dimensional competitive anxiety model (Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, and Confidence). The revised inventory includes 5 items per scale compared to the 9 items per scale on the CSAI-2. The second phase of test development for the CSAI-2C included adding items to assess Concentration Disruption (CD). Exploratory factor analytic procedures (N = 627) further supported the original 3 scales, but adequate measurement of the CD dimension was not evidenced. The final phase (N = 632), employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), demonstrated the psychometric worthiness of a 3-dimensional model in assessing competitive state anxiety using the CSAI-2C.     

Self-presentational concerns and competitive anxiety

The purpose of this study was to improve understanding of the link between self-presentational concerns and competitive anxiety. Specifically, we examined (a) associations among self-presentational concerns and competitive state anxiety dimensional symptom responses using the modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2; Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990) and (b) whether self-presentational concerns mediate trait-state anxiety relationships. In addressing these matters, we also examined the factor structure and composition of the Self-Presentation in Sport Questionnaire (SPSQ; Wilson & Eklund, 1998). Results showed that self-presentational concerns were positively associated with intensity and frequency dimensional symptoms and negatively associated with direction symptoms. Results also showed that self-presentational concerns demonstrated consistently higher associations with the cognitive component and the intensity symptom of the CSAI-2 state measures. Results showed no support for the notion that self-presentational concerns mediate the trait-state anxiety relationship. When examining the factor structure and composition of the SPSQ, the results from two independent athlete samples support the tenability of an abbreviated 21-item four-factor model. Thus the newly constituted scale is recommended for measuring self-presentational concerns in sport.     

运用CSAI-2问卷对上海市大学生运动员赛前焦虑和状态自信心的研究

已修订出中国常模的CSAI-2问卷是信度和效度高的多维焦虑测量工具,它包括三个分量表:认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑和状态自信心。运用该问卷测查235名参加大学生运动会田径和篮球比赛的被试赛前焦虑反应和状态自信必,结果表明:(1)躯体状态焦虑的强度是区分田径和篮球项目类型良好的预测因子;(2)认知状态焦虑的强度是区分运动技能水平或临场技能发挥得好坏的良好预测因子;(3)竞赛焦虑反应和状态自信心的强度与被试主观上所认知到的任务难度密切有关。因此,为使运动员有适宜的竞赛焦虑反应和状态自信心,教练员除了不断提高运动员的技能水平之外,应当结合项目的要求加强对运动员的心理训练(尤其是认知训练),并注意在赛前激起他们符合任务特征的唤醒水平。     

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure ofthe Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) using confirmatory factor analysis. Volunteer participants (n= 1213) completed the CSAI-2 approximately 1 h before competition and the data were analysed in two samples. The hypothesized model showed poor fit indices in both samples independently (Robust Comparative Fit Index: sample A=0.82, sample B =0.84) and simultaneously (Comparative FitIndex = 0.83), suggesting that the factor structure proposed by Martens et al. is flawed. Our findings suggest that a limitation of the Cognitive Anxiety scale derives from phrasing items around the word ‘concerned’ rather than ‘worried’. We suggest that being concerned about an impending performance does not necessarily mean that an athlete is experiencing negative thoughts, but that the athlete is acknowledging the importance and difficulty of the challenge and is attempting to mobilize resources to cope. The present results question the use of the CSAI-2 as a valid measure of competitive state anxiety.     

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) using confirmatory factor analysis. Volunteer participants (n = 1213) completed the CSAI-2 approximately 1 h before competition and the data were analysed in two samples. The hypothesized model showed poor fit indices in both samples independently (Robust Comparative Fit Index: sample A = 0.82, sample B = 0.84) and simultaneously (Comparative Fit Index = 0.83), suggesting that the factor structure proposed by Martens et al. is flawed. Our findings suggest that a limitation of the Cognitive Anxiety scale derives from phrasing items around the word 'concerned' rather than 'worried'. We suggest that being concerned about an impending performance does not necessarily mean that an athlete is experiencing negative thoughts, but that the athlete is acknowledging the importance and difficulty of the challenge and is attempting to mobilize resources to cope. The present results question the use of the CSAI-2 as a valid measure of competitive state anxiety.     

苏州市射击运动员的特质焦虑和竞赛状态焦虑分析

利用状态-特质焦虑量表中的特质焦虑测试量表和竞赛状态焦虑量表-2,对参加2006年射击全国个人冠军赛的苏州市射击运动员在赛前进行测试。结果表明,被测对象为中等强度的特质焦虑水平;他们在竞赛焦虑状态的3个因子上不存在项目和性别差异,并且其之间也不存在差异;不同项目和性别上的特质焦虑和状态焦虑之间没有差异;运动员在特质焦虑和竞赛状态焦虑的3个因子之间的相关性均较高;不同特质焦虑水平组竞赛状态焦虑之间的差异不显著。     

关于运动员赛前状态焦虑的研究

本研究采用马丁斯 ( R.Martens)研制的由认知焦虑、身体紧张、自信 3个因子构成的竞技状态焦虑 ( CSAI— 2 )量表 ,测试了运动员赛前状态焦虑的变化过程。分析结果表明 ,CSAI— 2状态焦虑量表的信赖性是可以确认的 ,并证实随着比赛的临近 ,男女选手的状态焦虑水平也越来越高 ,特别是身体紧张的变化更为显著。