Report on the work of the Bartol Research Foundation, 1933–1934

Using the velocity analyzer of Zartman with improved technique the combined velocity spectrum of Bi atoms and Bi₂ molecules was obtained at 827°, 851°, 875°, 899°, 922°, 947° C. From the spectral distribution curves the relative abundance of Bi atoms and Bi₂ molecules in the beams at the above temperatures could be determined to 1 per cent. The vapor pressure curve of Bi was obtained experimentally by the method of effusion and the values so obtained were combined with the degree of dissociation of the vapor as computed from the beams to give the heat of dissociation. The heat of dissociation was computed from the data, assuming the pressure to be given by the temperature of the crucible T_c. In calculating the heat of dissociation, the equilibrium temperature was taken as that of the slit chamber T_s which was 24° above T_c. The results of these calculations plotted with log₁₀K_p as ordinates against $\text{1}\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{s}}$ give a straight line whose slope yields the value of the heat of dissociation as 77,100±1200 calories. The curves for the distribution of velocities observed and computed on the assumption of a given ratio of Bi atoms to Bi₂ molecules in the beam were compared in an attempt to test the law of distribution of velocities. On the high velocity side agreement in two curves was obtained within the limits of experimental accuracy. On the low velocity side important deviations were noted of such a sort that the observed curves below a velocity $\text{α}\text{2}$, (α is the most probable velocity) gave more molecules than the theory demanded. Other deviations were observed on some of the runs taken with a fourth slit in which a deficiency of molecules was observed between velocities of .75α and $\text{α}\text{2}$. This deviation was probably due to a warping of the fourth slit carriage due to heat. The nature of the variation at velocities less than $\text{α}\text{2}$ indicated the presence of molecules of greater mass than Bi₂ in the beam and at the lower temperatures a distinct peak corresponding to Bi₈ molecules was observed which were present to less than 2 per cent. The vapor pressure curve for Bi was determined by least square reduction of the observed points to be given by $\text{log}{}_{10}\text{P = ? 52.23 ×}\text{195.26}\text{T}\text{+ 8.56}$ between 1100° and 1220° abs. It lies very close to the extrapolated curve given in the International Critical Tables.     

Engineering the public-use reinforced concrete buildings of Ankara during the Early Republic of Turkey, 1923–1938

Today, reinforced concrete (RC) is the most commonly used construction material in Turkey. It first emerged in Europe in the 1850s and was adopted in a number of Late Ottoman period structures, mostly in ?stanbul, during the first two decades of the twentieth century. During the Early Turkish Republic (1923–1938), RC appeared in public-use buildings in Ankara, such as the Ethnographic Museum, which was the first in the new capital to feature RC elements, leading the way for many more structures to come. Despite the fact that Turkish and foreign civil engineers faced a series of economic, social, cultural, political, educational and technical challenges during the transition from masonry and timber construction to RC, its adoption was facilitated by the fact that as a European building technology, it became symbolically important to the new republic. Equated with modernity, RC would allow its capital, Ankara, to construct an identity that would contrast with ?stanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire. This transition would also be catalyzed by the rise of a professional class of Turkish civil engineers who deployed RC to reinforce their authority as trained specialists and agents of modernization.     

Report on the conference “information technology: Impact on the way of life”

Expanding computer network technologies have emerged as a popular communication channel for millions of people. Contemporary literature abounds with ideologically biased accounts of on-line interaction that hinder the emergence of a coherent analytical framework. Scholarly work on computer-mediated communicative play remains underdeveloped. Through an empirically grounded theoretical orientation, this study aims to identify and illustrate processes and elements central to the emergence of self in on-line chat environments. By use of an e-mail survey, participant observation, content analysis, and open-ended interviews, the social nature of on-line interaction is illustrated and identified as significantly more than the technological sum of the medium. Findings indicate that through on-line chat-interaction a ''cyberself'' emerges, rooted in a unique form of communication that is disembodied, dislocated, anonymous, multiple-simultaneous, and faceless. Each of these elements introduces new possibilities to the dramatic nature of on-line interaction, which represents a kind of communication ''self-game'' where participants enact a multiplicity of selves.     

Research Sheds New Light on the Peopling of South Asia

Human mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA), a circular mol-ecule with 16,569 base pairlength, encodes 13 proteins, 22tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. In the past fewyears, complete sequencing mtDNAgenome has become a powerful toolto determine the matrilineal compo-nents and their…     

Research on the Discipline Development Based on the Theory of Knowledge Life Cycle in the University ——on the Discipline Developing Strategies of Application - oriented Colleges

高等教育的现实呼唤不同类型高校差异化的发展策略.本文提出以生命周期理论来观照大学学科发展问题,并基于知识生命周期理论对不同类型的大学分层发展进行了研究,深入刻画了研究型大学和应用型本科高校的学科发展图景,并进一步提出了促进应用型本科院校学科发展的建议.     

Research sheds light on treatment of inflammation

The latest research break-through on the molecular mechanism and treatment of inflammation, contributed by scientists from the Shanghai Institutes for