Formative Assessment: Assessment Is for Self-regulated Learning

The article draws from 199 sources on assessment, learning, and motivation to present a detailed decomposition of the values, theories, and goals of formative assessment. This article will discuss the extent to which formative feedback actualizes and reinforces self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies among students. Theoreticians agree that SRL is predictive of improved academic outcomes and motivation because students acquire the adaptive and autonomous learning characteristics required for an enhanced engagement with the learning process and subsequent successful performance. The theory of formative assessment is found to be a unifying theory of instruction, which guides practice and improves the learning process by developing SRL strategies among learners. In a postmodern era characterized by rapid technical and scientific advance and obsolescence, there is a growing emphasis on the acquisition of learning strategies which people may rely on across the entire span of their life. Research consistently finds that the self-regulation of cognitive and affective states supports the drive for lifelong learning by: enhancing the motivational disposition to learn, enriching reasoning, refining meta-cognitive skills, and improving performance outcomes. The specific purposes of the article are to provide practitioners, administrators and policy-makers with: (a) an account of the very extensive conceptual territory that is the ‘theory of formative assessment’ and (b) how the goals of formative feedback operate to reveal recondite learning processes, thereby reinforcing SRL strategies which support learning, improve outcomes and actualize the drive for lifelong learning.     

过程性评价：内涵与操作——以深圳市育才中学为主例

过程性评价是高中新课程学业评价的重要组成部分,也是取得学分的必要条件。它是一种在课程实施的过程中对学生的学习进行评价的方式。科学地进行过程性评价,对学生学习动机、效果以及与学习密切相关的非智力因素等方面的提升能产生积极而显著的作用。但就面上的情况来看,相当一部分学校因种种原因导致其形同虚设甚至完全取消。如何准确把握过程性评价的内涵与实践,实现过程性评价的应有价值和功能,是每一个课程理论工作者及一线实践者必须面对的问题。     

发展性评价:学生评价的理性选择

学生评价是教育评价的重要内容,由于受历史文化、社会现实和传统教育观的影响,学生评价存在过于注重甄别选拔功能、评价主体单一、评价目标内容偏狭及忽视差异性等问题.发展性学生评价应通过确立全面的评价目标内容、实施多元主体的差异性评价和综合运用多样化的评价方法实现对传统学生评价的超越,切实促进学生的全面发展.     

以平时作业组织与管理为核心完善形成性考核

在形成性考核的各种方式中，平时作业应该处于核心地位。以此为指导思想，梅州市电大在平时作业的组织与管理方面积极探索，初步建立起有制度、有机构、有科研、操作性强、适合本地情况的形成性考核管理体系；并对形成性考核中存在的问题提出了解决的思路。     

理解课堂中的形成性评价

形成性评价是一种能促进学生学习的有效策略,本文的核心问题正是如何理解课堂中的形成性评价。为此,本文将首先介绍目前美国教育系统中存在的一些问题,并就此问题提出一个可能的解决方案——形成性评价。在简要的背景回顾和文献综述之后,文章将提出我们建构的形成性评价工作模型。接着,本文将从我们围绕形成性评价设计的教师专业发展项目,以及我们自身的探索出发,讨论形成性评价面临的一些新问题。最后便是根据这些新问题,分析如何进一步理解形成性评价。     

基于网络的形成性考核与终结性考试研究

中央广播电视大学基于网络的课程考核,从2005年试点以来,规模不断扩大,其所采用的形成性考核与终结性考试一体化设计,考核方法、效果与以往的传统考核存在一定差异。我们采用线性回归的方法研究了形成性考核和终结性考试成绩之间的关系,发现基于网络的形成性考核和终结性考试成绩之间存在正相关关系,并且与传统的考核方式有着相同的规律性和有效性。     

Commentary: Evaluating the Validity of Formative and Interim Assessment

In many school districts, the pressure to raise test scores has created overnight celebrity status for formative assessment. Its powers to raise student achievement have been touted, however, without attending to the research on which these claims were based. Sociocultural learning theory provides theoretical grounding for understanding how formative assessment works to increase student learning. The articles in this special issue bring us back to underlying first principles by offering separate validity frameworks for evaluating formative assessment (Nichols, Meyers, & Burling) and newly-invented interim assessments (Perie, Marion, & Gong). The article by Heritage, Kim, Vendlinski, and Herman then offers the most important insight of all; that is, formative assessment is of little use if teachers don't know what to do when students are unable to grasp an important concept. While it is true that validity investigations are needed, I argue that the validity research that will tell us the most—about how formative assessment can be used to improve student learning—must be embedded in rich curriculum and must at the same time attempt to foster instructional practices consistent with learning research.     

网络化形成性考核评价浅探——以开放教育《宏微观经济学》课程考核的实践为例

<宏微观经济学>课程形成性考核改革,以网络化形成性考核为平台,突出教师导学、小组学习、网上讨论的互动,在有效监控学习过程、提高学生的知识应用水平和分析问题能力等方面均取得了明显成效.网络化形成性考核,对教学理念、考核设计的科学性与合理性以及教师的导修水平、学习者的学习方式都提出了新要求.     

Formative and Summative Assessment in the Classroom

In this article, we provide brief overviews of the definitions of formative and summative assessment and a few examples of types of formative and summative assessments that can be used in classroom contexts. We highlight the points that these two types of assessment are complementary and the differences between them are often in the way these assessments are used. We also list several resources that may be useful for teachers who wish to know more about using formative and summative assessments in their classrooms.     

论形成性考核的多样性

"以人为本"形成性考核多样性方程式是指Phillippe Perrenoud的"对象多样性 以人为本=形成性考核多样性"方程式.在本文中,作者结合嘉兴电大近年来在形成性考核构成模式和管理模式两方面的研究和实践,论述了该方程式在远程开放教育中的运用.     

生物实验教学中形成性评价的实现

评价是生物课程的重要组成部分,是反馈学生学习情况、调控教学行为的重要手段。形成性评价是一种中途阶段的评价,是借助评价信息的反馈来改善、改革教学活动过程的评价模式。[1]形成性评价打破了传统测试仅注重检测学生知识目标达成、轻视能力和情感等方面的缺陷,从学习过程出发,体现了评价的先进性。     

外语测试的形成性评价观

外语测试经历了以语码为纲和以结构为纲的两个时期。现行的外语测试则遵循“以信息为纲”的指导思想。语言测试的结果应能反映学生的语言运用能力，而学生的能力反馈又可常常作为教师的教学反思依据。本文旨在以形成性评价现分析外语测试与评价的一致性和外语测试的多功用性。     

基于网络的多元形成性评价研究

形成性评价是开放教育教学过程质量控制的一个重要途径。从开放教育课程学习目标,即知识性学习目标、学习能力目标和情感性目标出发,构建了多元形成性评价指标体系、管理运行机制及系统架构。并根据多元形成性评价系统架构,设计了题库和作业库结构,提出了基于六维约束的自动组卷算法。针对真实数据集进行的大量实验表明,该算法具有较高的效率,从而为多元形成性评价系统的成功应用奠定了基础。随着互联网的飞速发展,社会性评价、发展性评价以及个性化、智能化评价将是形成性评价的发展方向。     

Formative Assessment in ESP Teaching:An Empirical Study

Based on analysis of learners’needs of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and in accordance with the actual college ESP teaching, the author conducted a one-term comparative exploration on the appli...     

Science Teachers' Elicitation Practices: Insights for Formative Assessment

In evaluating teachers' instructional decisions during instruction, it is clear that the nature of their elicitation is crucial for student learning. When instructional decisions are informed by information about students' conceptual understanding, significant learning is possible. This article examined the elicitation practices of two high school science teachers who indicated that they made instructional decisions based on the elicited evidence of students' knowledge but whose elicitation practices were characteristic of low-level elicitation. The teachers focused on students' responses that used canonical terms and expressed acceptable knowledge. The teachers demonstrated low-level responsiveness because they did not have full access to students' knowledge. The elicited evidence of students' knowledge that was used in making instructional decisions was not representative of students' conceptual understanding. There was, thus, a mismatch between the teachers' perspectives about their formative assessment practice and what is considered effective formative assessment.     

社会文化视角下的过程性评估

社会文化理论的兴起使得教育研究者更加强调学习的社会性和学习者的互动交流,从而逐渐取代过往对学习者学习成绩的终结性评估,因而更加重视对学习者学习能力,特别是自我调节能力的培养。而相应的评估手段也转向过程性评估,包括目标设定、策略交流、即时反馈以及自我调节,促进学习者达到与自身能力相匹配的最优发展。     

形成性评价在外语教学中的尝试

我国基础教育的英语课程正在发生着重大变化，学习评价作为英语课程中一个重要组成部分，在英语课程发展中起着十分重要的作用和影响。多年来的传统考试缺乏对学生学习的综合分析，对学习评价的意义缺乏全面的认识，因此我们有必要进行一番反思和改革。本文提出目前评价改革的重点应当是，对学生实行形成性评价实践，强调形成性评价的重要意义。     

基于网络的形成性考核研究

本文关注基于网络的课程考核改革试点,分析了基于网络的形成性考核改革特点、功能和意义,揭示了形成性考核在网络环境下的新变化。     

Technology-Enhanced Formative Assessment of Plant Identification

Developing plant identification skills is an important part of the curriculum of any botany course in higher education. Frequent practice with dried and fresh plants is necessary to recognize the diversity of forms, states, and details that a species can present. We have developed a web-based assessment system for mobile devices that is able to pose appropriate questions according to the location of the student. A student’s location can be obtained using the device position or by scanning a QR code attached to a dried plant sheet in a herbarium or to a fresh plant in an arboretum. The assessment questions are complemented with elaborated feedback that, according to the students’ responses, provides indications of possible mistakes and correct answers. Three experiments were designed to measure the effectiveness of the formative assessment using dried and fresh plants. Three questionnaires were used to evaluate the system performance from the students’ perspective. The results clearly indicate that formative assessment is objectively effective compared to traditional methods and that the students’ attitudes towards the system were very positive.