克隆技术概念的社会扩散与媒体的社会职责

在现代信息发达的社会中，一种新技术概念在社会的扩散，一种新技术成果在社会的推广，一种新技术产品在社会的应用，均离不开众多媒体强大的中介传播作用。一种技术在媒体宣传中的形象，将直接影响到社会公众对此项技术的接受态度。因此，在对待技术的公众形象问题时，决不能忽视媒体的重要引导作用。我们通过对克隆技术概念社会扩散现状的分析，指出了媒体在传播技术概念中的社会职责和传播原则。     

The effect of task structure on diffusion dynamics: Implications for diffusion curve and network-based analyses

Theoretical analyses within the broad field of social learning research give mixed conclusions on whether the shape of a diffusion curve can be used to infer that a learned trait increases through social or asocial learning. Here we explore how factors such as task structure (e.g., multiple-step tasks), task abandonment, subgoal learning, and neophobia affect the shape of the diffusion curve for both asocially learned and socially learned behavior. We demonstrate that, whereas social learning increases the likelihood of S-shaped curves, sigmoidal patterns can be generated by entirely asocial processes, and cannot be reliably interpreted as indicators of social learning. Our findings reinforce the view that diffusion curve analysis is not a reliable way of detecting social transmission. We also draw attention to the fact that task structure can similarly confound interpretation of network-based diffusion analyses, and suggest resolutions to this problem. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://lb.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.     

Responding to individuals with severe learning difficulties and stereotyped behaviour: challenges for an inclusive era

Traditionally, professionals working with individuals with severe learning difficulties who demonstrate stereotyped behaviours, such as rocking and hand-flapping, have viewed such behaviours as undesirable, inappropriate and in need of reduction or elimination. This perspective is influenced by notions of readying those individuals for mixed settings, educating, training or modifying them to help gain their acceptance. Intensive Interaction is an alternative approach for working with individuals with complex difficulties that responds positively to them and their stereotyped behaviours, sometimes using these as a point of connection. Intensive Interaction sets out to enhance social and communication abilities and not to reduce stereotyped behaviours. However, findings from two studies of Intensive Interaction that show some reduction in stereotyped behaviours are reported and discussed. The authors consider the way in which more inclusive thinking connects with changes in thinking about stereotyped behaviour and the individuals who engage in them.     

Investigating the impact of observation errors on the statistical performance of network-based diffusion analysis

Experiments in captivity have provided evidence for social learning, but it remains challenging to demonstrate social learning in the wild. Recently, we developed network-based diffusion analysis (NBDA; 2009) as a new approach to inferring social learning from observational data. NBDA fits alternative models of asocial and social learning to the diffusion of a behavior through time, where the potential for social learning is related to a social network. Here, we investigate the performance of NBDA in relation to variation in group size, network heterogeneity, observer sampling errors, and duration of trait diffusion. We find that observation errors, when severe enough, can lead to increased Type I error rates in detecting social learning. However, elevated Type I error rates can be prevented by coding the observed times of trait acquisition into larger time units. Collectively, our results provide further guidance to applying NBDA and demonstrate that the method is more robust to sampling error than initially expected. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://lb.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.     

A Hybrid Analytical Framework to Guide Studies of Innovative IT Adoption by Work Groups

This article presents a framework for analyzing innovative information technology adoption by organizational work groups. Concepts from three distinct theories (adoption and diffusion theory, cultural-historical activity theory, and the social construction of technology) are modified and integrated to form a hybrid, layered framework, which is then applied to a specific case to demonstrate the advantages for guiding research and analysis. The illustrative case presents the experience of a small work group in a high-technology company that implemented single-source content management.     

技术政策、产业调整与经济可持续增长——"日本悖论"的分析及对中国的启示

经济增长归根到底是多因素作用的结果,除了技术创新之外,还包括技术政策、产业结构和社会制度等因素。当前,日本的科技高投入、高产出(专利和技术贸易)和长期经济低迷并存,对于这一"日本悖论"可以从技术政策角度进行分析:相比美国和德国,日本的技术政策是"追赶使命导向"的,这一技术政策目标与当前日本经济发展阶段不相适宜;日本技术政策体系中研发产业高度集中化和承担主体单一化,以及日本特定社会制度环境下的产业结构对技术政策的反应和调整受限,这些都阻碍了技术创新、扩散和应用来推动经济持续增长的传导机制。对"日本悖论"的分析对中国制定全面技术政策体系、实施相应产业调整以促进创新技术的扩散和应用,最终实现经济可持续发展提供了一定的借鉴。     

社交网站中知识扩散机制及影响因素研究

社交网站是帮助用户建立社交关系的一种新型社交媒体,由于具有社交真实化、关系价值化、活动圈子化、传播病毒化、空间个性化等媒体特性,它目前成为了互联网上一个重要的知识扩散互联网。本文在对知识扩散概念理解,以及对知识扩散机制研究进行综述的基础上,基于社交网络和复杂网络的相关理论对社交网站中知识扩散的机制进行了分析,并从网络结构、人际关系、个体认知三个维度归纳和论证了影响社交网站中知识扩散的七个因素,分别是网络连结、网络形态、信任、合作、互惠、专业能力、价值观念,这对于基于社交网站媒介的知识传播和知识创新应用具有很好的指导,也为通过进一步量化研究社交网站的知识扩散打下了基础。     

韩国大学产学合作研究

产学合作作为大学社会服务的主要形式,通过大学与企业的合作促进双方的共同发展。进入21世纪后,韩国大学的产学合作在人才培养、研究开发、技术转让等方面采取了一系列新的改进措施,并取得了很好的效果。     

The Fierce Urgency of Now: Diffusion of Innovation as a Mechanism to Integrate Social Justice in Counselor Education

The authors present diffusion of innovation theory (Rogers, 2003) as a framework for integrating social justice into counselor education. An overview of diffusion theory is provided along with how the tenets of diffusion of innovation can be used to alleviate fears and anxieties that come with adopting an innovation such as social justice in counselor education.     

技术创新扩散对高科技企业布局影响分析——以合芜蚌自主创新综合配套改革试验区为例

借助技术创新扩散资料,对各肥市高新区实地调查,通过分析技求的空间扩散过程,认为技术势能、空间距离、扩散通道和扩散环境是影响技术创新扩散的主要因素,以合芜蚌自主创新综合配套改革试验区为例,分析了高技术企业的区位要求,为下一步优化试验区企业布局的方案提供有力的理论支撑。     

Why relationships matter

Nurture groups (NGs) are a form of provision for children with social, emotional, behavioural and learning difficulties. Although the first groups were established over 30 years ago, growth in the number of NGs in the UK has been exponential over the past ten years. This study attempts to assess the effectiveness of NGs in promoting positive social, emotional and educational development. The study set out to measure: (1) the effects of NGs in promoting pupil improvement in the NGs; (2) the extent to which these improvements generalised to mainstream settings; and (3) the impact of NGs on whole schools. Statistically significant improvements were found for NG pupils in terms of social, emotional and behavioural functioning. NGs which had been in place for more than two years were found to be significantly more effective than groups which had been in existence for less than two years. Pupils with SEBD in mainstream classrooms improved in behavioural terms significantly better than pupils with and without SEBD attending schools that did not have NG provision. The greatest social, emotional and behavioural improvements took place over the first two terms, whilst improvements in behaviours associated with cognitive engagement in learning tasks continued to improve into the third and fourth terms. This study suggests that NGs are a highly promising form of provision for young children with a wide range of SEBDs. There is also good evidence to suggest that successful NGs contribute to the development of the ‘nurturing school’.     

Use of superheroes social skills with middle school‐age students with autism spectrum disorder

The current study evaluated use of the Superheroes Social Skills program as a means of increasing social skill accuracy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Participants included four Caucasian male students that were eligible for special education services within the autism category. Social skills training was presented twice weekly for 9 weeks. The results demonstrated that implementation of the intervention improved social skill accuracy within the training setting as indicated by visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs. Additionally, improvements in social skill accuracy during probes conducted within the classroom with typically developing peers was observed. Despite improvements in social skill accuracy in both settings, sociometric status of participants demonstrated little change from baseline to postintervention.     

马尔库塞和哈贝马斯科学技术批判思想比较

马尔库塞和哈贝马斯均为法兰克福学派的重要代表人物,二人都对发达工业社会展开了猛烈的批判,尤其是对现代科学技术的批判。马尔库塞认为,在当代工业社会里,科学技术成为决定一切的因素,科学技术取代传统政治手段成为一种新的社会控制形式。哈贝马斯继承了马尔库塞科学技术在社会中起消极作用的思想,认为科学技术不仅成为第一位生产力,而且已经成为社会意识形态。二者对科学技术的批判既有一致,也有分歧,文章对此作了比较。     

Towards a radical digital citizenship in digital education

In this article, we attempt to define and explore a concept of ‘radical digital citizenship’ and its implications for digital education. We argue that the ‘digital’ and its attendant technologies are constituted by on-going materialist struggles for equality and justice in the Global South and North which are erased in the dominant literature and debates in digital education. We assert the need for politically informed understandings of the digital, technology and citizenship and for a ‘radical digital citizenship’ in which critical social relations with technology are made visible and emancipatory technological practices for social justice are developed.     

大学协同创新：制约因素与改进思路

大学协同创新对社会经济发展、科技创新、大学改革与发展等都具有重要意义。它从本质上说是一种管理创新,是内部和外部协同创新的统一。目前,大学开展协同创新存在诸多制约因素。破解大学协同创新问题的症结,需要从建立学科交叉融合平台、积极培育大学文化与创新精神、改革大学人才培养模式、改革教师评价制度等诸多方面进行。     

New Beginnings: evaluation of a short social–emotional intervention for primary‐aged children

We report on an effectiveness trial of ‘New Beginnings’, a short social–emotional intervention for primary‐aged children. The sample comprised 253 children (aged 6–11) attending 37 primary schools across England. Data on social and emotional competence and mental health difficulties were collected using child self‐report, and parent‐ and teacher‐informant report questionnaires in a pre‐test–post‐test control group design. One hundred and fifty‐nine children took part in the intervention, and 94 children acted as a comparison group. Children in the intervention group attended weekly 45‐minute small group sessions for seven weeks. Child self‐report data indicated that the intervention was successful in promoting social and emotional competence, and that improvements were sustained at seven‐week follow‐up. However, this finding was not replicated in either the teacher or parental data. We conclude that future iterations of the intervention may need to be more intensive and lengthy in order to produce changes in behaviour that are salient to teachers and parents.     

知识溢出、人力资本构成与全要素生产率——基于我国省际面板数据的研究

以内生增长理论为基础,利用我国省际面板数据检验了国内研发、知识进口和人力资本对全要素生产率的影响。研究发现,国际技术溢出是我国技术进步的主要来源,高等教育程度的人力资本对我国全要素生产率的作用为负,其原因在于人力资本配置的非效率;研究还发现,只有中等教育程度的人力资本才是国际技术转移的吸收者。此外,分组检验没有发现技术外溢和人力资本对全要素生产率的影响存在门槛效应。     

THE SECRET AGENT SOCIETY SOCIAL SKILLS PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN WITH HIGH‐FUNCTIONING AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS: A COMPARISON OF TWO SCHOOL VARIANTS

School is often considered an ideal setting for child social skills training due to the opportunities it provides for skills teaching, modeling, and practice. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of two variants of the Secret Agent Society social skills program for children with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) in a mainstream school context. Sixty‐nine students aged 7–12 took part in one of two different 10‐week versions of the program (structured versus unstructured) to determine their relative effectiveness. Results suggested that both program variants led to improvements in emotion regulation abilities, social skills, and behavior at school and home, maintained at 6‐week follow‐up. However, the structured intervention generally led to superior treatment outcomes. These results suggest that improvements in social–emotional functioning can be achieved for students with HFASD through time‐limited school‐based interventions. Limitations of this study and directions for future research are discussed.     

Teacher perspectives on the implementation of the PATHS curriculum

The research was designed to add to the UK-based literature around the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum, a whole school emotional literacy and social competence intervention. Seven semi-structured interviews were carried out with class teachers and pastoral leads. Questionnaires were designed to explore a number of elements including teachers’ perceptions of the PATHS curriculum effect on children’s social and emotional functioning and understanding, and also their thoughts about the implementation of the programme. Results suggested that teachers found implementing the programme a generally positive experience with some support found for the authors’ claims for improvement of children’s social and emotional functioning, some limited support for improvements in children’s ability to recognise others’ emotions and for improvements in children’s learning. Examination of the data also suggested that teachers felt that the programme needs long-term prioritisation in order to be successful. Implications for practice are discussed and future research directions considered.