大学生担忧与焦虑敏感的关系

This research recruited a total of 416 undergraduates to participate in the survey of Peen State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R) to examine the undergraduate worry and anxiety sensitivity. The results showed that the PSWQ total score was moderate, and positively correlated with that of ASI-R and its sub-factors. The multi-regression analysis showed that both psychological concern and social concern positively predicted the PSWQ total score. The path model of ASI-R and PSWQ fit well in with the data, in which the predictive effect of ASI-R on PSWQ was positive, explaining 15% of variance of PSWQ. This suggested that the level of undergraduates’ worry is moderate, and positively correlated with their anxiety sensitivity.     

A Structural Equation Modelling on the Factors Affecting Intolerance of Uncertainty and Worry Among a Select Group of Filipino Elderly

Across the literature, the interest in the phenomenon of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and worry has increased exponentially. However, limited empirical studies exist about the factors that affect IU and worry among older people. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of spirituality, self-efficacy, and knowledge about aging on IU and worry. A total of 219 Filipino elderly were recruited from institutionalized and hospital care settings. A multiaspect questionnaire was utilized to measure spirituality, self-efficacy, knowledge, intolerance uncertainty, and worry. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to explore the dimensions of IU and worry. Moreover, structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesized model. Results of EFA identified four factor dimensions of uncertainty, namely: perfection-driven uncertainty, apprehension-driven uncertainty, avoidance-driven uncertainty, negativism-driven uncertainty. Further, three factor dimensions of worry were also distinguished: constant worriers, obsessive-compulsive worriers, and happy-go-lucky worriers. Moreover, results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed interaction among the variables presented. Additionally, spirituality showed a positive effect on self-efficacy. However, self-efficacy does not have an effect on IU and worry. Nevertheless, an emerging path between knowledge and IU supported the claim of Nuevo, Wetherell, Montorio, Ruiz, and Cabrera (2009). The study was able to determine the positive effect of spirituality to self-efficacy and its existing correlation with knowledge about aging in relation to elderly's IU and worry. The emerging model can serve as a reference for nurses to address the sociopsychological needs of the geriatric clients employing spirituality and psychiatric nursing.     

Ethnicity,Effort, Self-Efficacy,Worry, and Statistics Achievement in Malaysia: A Construct Validation of the State-Trait Motivation Model

The relations between motivational constructs, effort, self-efficacy and worry, and statistics achievement were investigated in a sample of 360 undergraduates in Malaysia. Both trait (cross-situational) and state (task-specific) measures of each construct were used to test a mediational trait (r) state (r) performance (TSP) model. As hypothesized, all three traits were found to be empirically distinguishable from their state counterparts in a confirmatory factor analysis. In a structural equation model, each trait also had a direct effect on its corresponding state as hypothesized. Most importantly, state worry and state effort had significant direct effects on statistics achievement in the predicted direction. Gender and ethnic (Malay vs. Chinese) differences and other predictions related to social cognitive theories of motivation also were analyzed and are discussed. Overall, results provide strong evidence for the utility of the state-trait distinction as applied to motivational constructs and are consistent with findings from U.S. samples.     

Developmental and individual differences in Chinese writing

The goal of the present study was to examine the generalizability of a model of the underlying dimensions of written composition across writing systems (Chinese Mandarin vs. English) and level of writing skill. A five-factor model of writing originally developed from analyses of 1st and 4th grade English writing samples was applied to Chinese writing samples obtained from 4th and 7th grade students. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the fits of alternative models of written composition. The results suggest that the five-factor model of written composition generalizes to Chinese writing samples and applies to both less skilled (Grade 4) and more skilled (Grade 7) writing, with differences in factor means between grades that vary in magnitude across factors.     

An examination of the self-referent executive processing model of test anxiety: control,emotional regulation,self-handicapping,and examination performance

According to the self-referent executive processing (S-REF) model, test anxiety develops from interactions between three systems: executive self-regulation processes, self-beliefs, and maladaptive situational interactions. Studies have tended to examine one system at a time, often in conjunction with how test anxiety relates to achievement outcomes. The aim of this study was to enable a more thorough test of the S-REF model by examining one key construct from each of these systems simultaneously. These were control (a self-belief construct), emotional regulation through suppression and reappraisal (an executive process), and self-handicapping (a maladaptive situational interaction). Relations were examined from control, emotional regulation, and self-handicapping to cognitive test anxiety (worry), and subsequent examination performance on a high-stakes test. Data were collected from 273 participants in their final year of secondary education. A structural equation model showed that higher control was indirectly related to better examination performance through lower worry, higher reappraisal was indirectly related to worse examination performance through higher worry, and higher self-handicapping was related to worse examination performance through lower control and higher worry. These findings suggest that increasing control and reducing self-handicapping would be key foci for test anxiety interventions to incorporate.

     

对中国人人格结构的探索——中国人个性量表与中国人人格量表的交互验证

本研究旨在通过对中国人个性测量表和中国人人格量表内容的相容性分析，探讨中国人个性测量表的因素结构并验证中国人人格七因素模型的稳定性。2000余名被试同时完成了中国人人格量表和中国人个性测量表，相关和因素分析的结果表明，与中国人人格量表相比，中国人个性测量表的因素结构中“多出”了类似西方的神经质维度，而缺少了中国人人格量表中的情绪性维度（QX）。两个量表项目的合并因素分析支持了中国人人格结构的七因素模型，以及中国人个性测量表中缺少情绪性维度的假设。文中讨论了西方的神经质人格维度在中国人的人格结构中没有独立出现的原因，以及从本土角度探讨中国人独特人格结构的意义。     

积极人格特质问卷PPTQ在中国大学生中的因素结构研究

探索积极人格特质问卷(PPTQ)在中国大学生中的因素结构。采用积极人格特质问卷(Positive Personality Traits Questionnaire)中文版,对648名大学生施测,对其中一半数据使用PASWStatistics18进行探索性因素分析,另一半数据使用AMOS16.0进行验证性因素分析(CFA)。探索性因素分析得出积极自我意象、外向性和文化认同三因素结构。累计解释率为50.457%,验证性因素分析结果显示:χ2/df=2.230,GFI=0.841。AGFI=0.816,CFI=0.822,RMSEA=0.062,中文版三因素结构在中国大学生人群中较为合理。     

《诗经》忧患意识原论

《诗经》是我国文学中充满忧患意识的最早诗集。其忧患意识丰富而深广：国运民瘼，世道昏暗，徭役兵役，人生短促，婚恋别离等，无不引发人们浓郁的忧患意识，它们是《诗经》时代社会政治状况的直接反映。《诗经》奠定了我国文学忧患意识的里程碑，对后世影响深远。在21世纪，忧患意识优良传统仍具有重要的现实意义。     

Social and dimensional comparisons in math and verbal test anxiety: Within- and cross-domain relations with achievement and the mediating role of academic self-concept

The present study builds on two strands of research: (1) the recently established generalized internal/external frame of reference (GI/E) model assuming social (comparing one’s achievement in one domain with the achievement of one’s peers in the same domain) and dimensional (comparing one’s achievement in one domain with one’s achievement in another domain) comparison processes in the formation of motivational constructs and self-perceptions, and (2) research on domain-specific facets of test anxiety. Using a sample of 5135 German seventh grade students, it is tested whether and how both comparison processes are involved in the formation of domain-specific facets of test anxiety when considering both the emotionality and worry components of test anxiety, and whether the relation between achievement and test anxiety is mediated through academic self-concept. When applying the GI/E model to test anxiety, the results showed negative relations between achievement and test anxiety within math and verbal (German) domains, but partially positive relations across domains. This pattern of relations emerged for both the worry and emotionality components while stronger achievement relations were found for worry. These findings indicate that dimensional achievement comparison processes operate in the formation of domain-specific test anxiety. Domain-specific academic self-concepts were found to mediate the relations between achievement and test anxiety within and across domains, the mediation being stronger for worry than for emotionality as an outcome. Boys and girls did not differ regarding direct and indirect relations among constructs. Implications for research on dimensional comparison processes and test anxiety are discussed.     

Examining Chinese vocabulary knowledge in Taiwanese first- and second graders using confirmatory factor analysis

How the construct of vocabulary is defined remains unclear although multiple theories have been put forth. In light of the lack of empirical work investigating the dimensionality of vocabulary knowledge in Chinese, the present study investigated the factor structure of Chinese print vocabulary in a sample of 111 Taiwanese children in Grades 1 and 2. Participants completed six written measures designed to assess breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge in receptive or expressive formats. Three hypothesized models corresponding to (1) a unidimensional model on which all six measures loaded onto, (2) a 2-factor model comprising breadth and depth dimensions, and (3) a 2-factor model consisting of receptive and expressive dimensions, were compared using confirmatory factor analyses. Results indicated that the unidimensional model was preferred over two dimensional models, indicating that it is useful to view Chinese vocabulary as a holistic construct rather than as comprising separable dimensions among young Taiwanese children.

     

王国维自沉之谜及其文化意蕴

1927年王国维自沉事件,成为现代中国文化史上聚讼纷纭的一大疑案.考其少年"忧世"、青年"忧生"和晚年再"忧世"三个阶段的学业转向与价值转型,可见出王国维并非简单的死于"殉清",而是"殉文化"即殉于他的价值观念与政治信仰.今天反思王氏之死,可为学人及知识精英寻找足以安魂立命之价值定位提供参照.     

Motivation and engagement in the ‘Asian Century’: a comparison of Chinese students in Australia,Hong Kong,and Mainland China

The present study investigated multidimensional motivation and engagement among Chinese middle school students in Australia (N?=?273), Hong Kong (N?=?528), and Mainland China (N?=?2106; randomly selected N?=?528). Findings showed that a multidimensional model of motivation and engagement fit very well for all three groups. Multi-group invariance tests showed that the number of factors, factor loadings, factor correlations and item uniquenesses were invariant across the three groups – as were inter-correlations with a set of cognate correlates (class participation, school enjoyment, positive intentions, academic buoyancy) – hence no differences of ‘kind’. However, differences of ‘degree’ were indicated through significant mean-level effects between groups, with self-reports favouring Australian Chinese students over Hong Kong and (to a lesser extent) Mainland Chinese students. We propose these findings shed important light on Chinese students’ academic motivation and engagement and also on socio-cultural perspectives on motivation and engagement because they assist understanding about effects attributable to context and effects attributable to ethnicity. Given this, the study is a timely contribution to current understanding of the Chinese learner in this, the ‘Asian Century’.     

Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Brief Cognitive Behavioral Skills Group on an Ethnically Diverse Campus

This study examined the effectiveness of a brief cognitive behavioral skills group in reducing anxiety, depression, and worry among a sample of low-income predominantly ethnic minority college students. Students were assigned to a skills group (N?=?54) or a wait-list control group (N?=?30). Students completed assessment at preintervention, postintervention, and 1-month follow-up. Linear mixed model analyses revealed significant interaction (time?×?condition) on all outcome variables, although there were different patterns for each dependent variable. Results support the use of a brief cognitive behavioral skills group among low-income predominantly ethnic minority students to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and worry.     

宋词写"愁"手法简论

中国诗词史中,宋代写"愁"的内容颇多,其表达"愁"的艺术手法也多种多样,但主要运用了比兴手法、对比手法.     

Mathematics Anxiety in Young Children: An Exploratory Study

This study explored the nature of mathematics anxiety in a sample of 106 ethnically and linguistically diverse first-grade students. Although much is known about mathematics anxiety in older children and adults, little is known about when mathematics anxiety first emerges or its characteristics in young children. Results from exploratory factor analysis indicated that mathematics anxiety in first grade is a multidimensional construct encompassing negative reactions, numerical confidence, and worry. Negative reactions were related specifically to foundational mathematical concepts whereas numerical confidence was related specifically to computation skill; worry was not related to any outcome. Levels of mathematics anxiety did not differ by sex or language background. Overall, negative reactions and numerical confidence were found to be the most salient dimensions of mathematics anxiety in this sample.     

Measuring basic needs satisfaction: Evaluating previous research and conducting new psychometric evaluations of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale

Self-Determination Theory specifies the existence of three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The current set of studies (a) provides a narrative review of past research on the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale, (b) examines its dimensionality which has been assumed but not empirically studied, and (c) gathers external validity evidence. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the existence of a one- and a three-factor solution; neither model fit the data. After patterns of misfit were examined across three independent samples, a reduced, 16-item three-factor model with a negative-worded method effect was championed. External validity evidence, collected by examining the differential relationships between the three needs and measures of well-being and worry, supported the distinctiveness of the three needs. Although the results are promising, future research is needed to examine the generalizability of the psychometric properties of the modified scale.     

Development of a survey instrument to measure TEFL academics’ perceptions about,individual and workplace characteristics for conducting research

A 30-item survey was devised to determine Chinese TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) academics’ potential for conducting research. A five-part Likert scale was used to gather data from 182 academics on four factors: (1) perceptions on teaching–research nexus, (2) personal perspectives for conducting research, (3) predispositions for conducting research and (4) workplace contexts for conducting research. Data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for structural equation modelling using various fit indices. The independence model was rejected. Accordingly, the CFA model proposed that the four factors covaried and were associated with each indicated item. The hypothesized CFA model demonstrated an acceptable model fit. After statistical analysis, a revised CFA model presented more reliable fit measures, which required a reduction in survey item numbers. This instrument will require further testing but may be used to draw comparisons between past and present data and determine areas for enhancing research productivity.     

走过一个文学世纪(下)

论文在以总结经验和批判性反思进入“百年文学”的谱系时,主要是从中国的视点而不是单纯以西方的观念来审视这一段漫长的文学岁月,着重采取内部(中国)而非外部(西方)的准绳,来选择与确认在20世纪文学中重要的现象和问题。主要有：中国文学的现代性焦虑与实践;从文学的社会角度看文学与政治的关系;从左翼文学到延安文学;中国新文学的审美形态;现代传媒和文学生产;中国作家的情感方式与精神状况;作为特殊现象的放逐诗学与留学生文学;“西方话语”被“拿来”以后该放到怎样的中国语境和话题中运用……等等。     

走过一个文学世纪(上)

论文在以总结经验和批判性反思进入“百年文学”的谱系时,主要是从中国的视点而不是单纯以西方的观念来审视这—段漫长的文学岁月,着重采取内部(中国)而非外部(西方)的准绳,来选择与确认在加世纪文学中重要的现象和问题。主要有：中国文学的现代性焦虑与实践;从文学的社会角度看文学与政治的关系;从左翼文学到延安文学;中国新文学的审美形态;现代传媒和文学生产;中国作家的情感方式与精神状况;作为特殊现象的放逐诗学与留学生文学;“西方话语”被“拿来”以后该放到怎样的中国语境和话题中运用……等等。     

Gender-related worry and emotionality test anxiety for high-achieving students

Test anxiety among academically talented high school students (N = 103) was explored in this study. Two components of test anxiety were assessed: a cognitive component (worry) and a physiological component (emotionality). The results indicated that these students suffered from test anxiety, and that higher anxiety was related to lower science performance. Overall, females reported more test anxiety than did males. Whereas females experienced higher worry than emotionality, males reported little difference between the two anxiety components. Implications for college-bound students are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.