Understanding physical activity intention in Canadian school children and youth: an application of the theory of planned behavior

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the theory of planned behavior in predicting physical activity intention in a nationwide sample of Canadian children and youth. The study sample consisted of participants from Grades 3, 5, 8, and 11 from schools across Canada. School participation was determined by means of a randomly stratified sample design. Results show that the direct measures of the theory of planned behavior explained 47% of the variability in the measure of physical activity intention. In addition, notable differences in the relative contributions of the predictor variables of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were found across grade and grade-by-gender subgroups. The present study provides evidence that in a population of children and youth the determinants display a pattern of change developmentally.     

The value profile of physical education teachers in Taiwan,ROC

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the educational value orientations of physical education teachers in Taiwan, and the relationships of gender, teaching experience, grade level, and the locations in which they work. Value orientations were measured with the Value Orientation Inventory-2, which was translated into complicated Chinese for this study. Participants (N=353) were recruited via stratified random sampling from the population of physical education teachers in Taiwan; 152 participants had one high-priority value orientation and a smaller number (n=76) had more than one high-priority value orientation. Other physical education teachers (n=124) had one or more low-priority value orientations. Taiwanese physical educators possess multiple, diverse value orientations and the largest percentage of strong value orientation scores was for the value orientation of learning process. The specific characteristics of Taiwanese physical educators include: (a) more males prioritizing disciplinary mastery and learning process, but more females prioritizing social responsibility; (b) more experienced teachers prioritizing learning process; (c) more elementary school teachers prioritizing social responsibility; and (d) more rural teachers prioritizing disciplinary mastery and learning process. Both the culture and the curriculum goals of physical education contribute to the differences of value orientations. Thus, Taiwanese physical educators emphasize self-control, self-concept, and social responsibility to achieve the coordination of body and spirit in their practices.     

Predictive Role of Physical Education Motivation

In this study we examined adolescents’ physical activity (PA) stability as well as individual differences in PA across grades 7–9. In addition, we tested the predictive role of adolescents’ self-determination and goal orientations in physical education at grade 6 in relation to their PA development. Adolescents’ (N = 812) self-reported PA was measured five times and physical education motivation once. Results revealed a decreasing trajectory of PA, with individual differences diminishing over time. Although boys’ showed a consistently higher PA level, gender did not moderate the change in PA. Finally, self-determination and task orientation (boys only) predicted PA levels but did not predict change in PA.     

Achievement goals, perceived motivational climate, and students' self-reported mastery behaviors

Achievement goals and perceived motivational climate are two important constructs in achievement goal theory, and they play critical roles in student motivation and behavior Traditionally, these two constructs have been examined separately. The present study examined relationships between the two constructs and students' self-reported mastery behaviors as well as age-related differences. Three hundred eight students in 4th, 8th, and 11th grades completed questionnaires assessing their achievement goals, perceived motivational climate, and perceptions of their mastery behaviors. Results indicated that achievement goals and perceived motivational climate were related to students' self-reported mastery behaviors. However, the relations varied depending on the students' ages. The older students, compared to the younger ones, appeared to be inclined more toward ego orientation and the ego-involved climate. A multiple achievement goals perspective is recommended for future research on relationships among achievement goals, perceived motivational climate and achievement-related cognitions, and behaviors in physical education.     

学校自然环境、人际环境和青少年体育锻炼的关系

运用交叉滞后组设计探讨学校自然环境、人际环境与青少年体育锻炼三者间的因果关联,以及性别、学段在三者中的调节效应。采用学校自然环境量表、锻炼氛围量表和体育活动等级量表,对1091名青少年进行为期12周、两阶段纵向调查。结果显示:青少年体育锻炼的性别差异显著(男性优于女性),并且学校自然环境、人际环境以及体育锻炼的学段差异也显著(初中生各指标高于高中生);学校自然环境能单向预测体育锻炼和人际环境,体育锻炼能单向预测学校人际环境,即在学校自然环境与人际环境的影响链上,青少年体育锻炼具备中介作用且该效应存在学段差异。研究表明:学校自然环境、人际环境与青少年体育锻炼存在因果关系,其中,学校自然环境能通过促进青少年体育锻炼而间接提升人际环境,且该路径对初中生影响功效更大。     

Extending the theory of planned behavior: the role of self and social influences in predicting adolescent regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity

The current study aimed to test the validity of an extended theory of planned behavior model (TPB; Ajzen, 1991), incorporating additional self and social influences, for predicting adolescent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Participants (N = 423) completed an initial questionnaire that assessed the standard TPB constructs of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, as well as past behavior, self-identity, and the additional social influence variables of group norms, family social support, friends' social support, and social provisions. One week after completion of the main questionnaire, participants completed a follow-up questionnaire that assessed self-reported physical activity during the previous week. The standard TPB variable--past behavior, self-identity, and group norms, but not social support influences--predicted intentions, with intention, past behavior, and self-identity predicting behavior. Overall, the results provide support for an extended version of the TPB incorporating self-identity and those social influences linked explicitly to membership of a behaviorally relevant reference group.     

Self-efficacy for coping with barriers helps students stay physically active during transition to their first year at a university

The present study examined undergraduate students' physical activity during transition from high school to first-year university. Students' (N = 127) self-efficacy for coping with barriers to physical activity was investigated both as a predictor of physical activity and mediator of the relationship between pretransition and first-year physical activity. Physical activity was found to track moderately from pretransition to first year (rs = .58). Self-efficacy for coping with barriers predicted physical activity (R2adjusted = .18, p < .05) and partially mediated the relationship between pretransition and first-year physical activity. Results support an interpretation that future intervention efforts could target first-year students' self-efficacy for coping with barriers to help curb the decline in physical activity that occurs during the transition to university life.     

新疆高职学生课外体育锻炼与学生人格和人际关系的影响研究

为了深化西部地区高职院校素质教育改革,提升高职学生人格及人际关系发展水平,利用自编体育锻炼行为调查问卷、人格量表及人际关系量表对新疆1 659名高职学生进行调查,探究课外体育锻炼对人格发展及人际关系的影响。结果显示：新疆高职学生体育锻炼的参与度、锻炼时长、锻炼频率、锻炼次数较为合理;高职学生的人格及人际关系水平存在性别及年级的差异性;体育锻炼对高职学生人格及人际关系的影响显著;体育锻炼与人格发展呈现正相关,与人际关系呈现负相关。建议：新疆高职院校应加强对学生体育锻炼的宣传及鼓励,通过积极的引导,提高学生体育锻炼的参与度,从而促进学生健康人格发展及人际关系水平的提高,推动高职学生全面协调发展。     

Tracking and explanation of physical activity in young adults over a 7-year period

Tracking and explaining physical activity in young adults was investigated in a 7-year longitudinal design. From a representative sample of 980 respondents at baseline (M age = 21 years), 172 respondents, comprising 18% of the original sample, completed psychosocial questionnaires and were interviewed at home to assess their level of physical activity at follow-up. Psychosocial variables were grouped into four groups: social variables, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Drop-out analyses showed no major differences between the baseline and follow-up samples. The aims of the present study were: (a) to investigate tracking in physical activity and psychosocial determinants over a 7-year period, and (b) to examine baseline determinants and change in determinants in predicting physical activity change in men and women. No significant tracking of physical activity level was found for men. For women, moderate tracking scores were found for total energy expenditure and moderate-intensity energy expenditure (r = .34 and .41, respectively). There was higher tracking in psychosocial determinants than in physical activity. Relatively high tracking scores for perceived benefits and barriers suggest that cognitions related to physical activity are more stable than the behavior itself. Although baseline psychosocial variables were poor predictors of physical activity change, determinants'change scores accounted for 16-19% of the variance in physical activity in men and 7-24% in women. Significant predictors were different for men and women. Present results can inform the design of physical activity interventions for these populations.     

Investigating Attitudes Toward Physical Education: Validation Across Two Instruments

The Centers for Disease Control have suggested that physical education plays a role in promoting healthy lifestyles. Prior research suggests a link between attitudes toward physical education and physical activity outside school. The current study provides additional evidence of construct validity through a validation across two instruments measuring attitudes toward physical education by investigating their psychometric properties with a sample of 6th grade students (N = 377). Confirmatory factor analysis results indicate that the four-factor model fit the data well for both instruments based on fit indices, and a multitrait-multimethod analysis provides evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Cross validation of these instruments permits longitudinal investigations on the role of attitudes toward physical education and their impact on physical activity.     

瑜伽教育课程对大学生身心健康的影响

随着时代的发展,社会的激烈竞争,大学生对自我和社会认识不足,学业、就业的压力,人际关系的困惑等因素,致使部分学生难以做出相应的调整,产生较大的心理压力,诱发身体、心理等疾病的产生,健康状况随之下降。本文通过文献资料法、综述法等科学研究法,研究瑜伽教育课程对大学生身心的影响,阐述瑜伽练习符合学生身心发展的需求,是大学生健康机体和完善心理的身体艺术,为高校开设瑜伽课程提供有效的参考依据。     

大学生锻炼行为影响因素的结构方程模型分析

从个体与人际层面探讨大学生体育锻炼行为影响因素及交互关系。以浙江省5所高校1150名大学生为研究对象,采用体育锻炼等级、自我效能、行为态度、行为认知、教师支持以及同伴支持6个量表进行测试,利用结构方程模型对数据进行分析与建模,得到个体与人际水平的大学生体育锻炼行为促进模型。结果显示:锻炼自我效能是大学生体育锻炼行为促进的重要因素,人际水平中同伴支持能够对大学生的锻炼自我效能产生影响;同伴支持对大学生体育锻炼行为的影响大于教师支持,教师支持通过大学生体育锻炼认知与态度影响体育行为。研究认为,在针对大学生群体的体育锻炼行为促进中应关注同伴支持的重要作用,以及教师课堂教学质量的提高。     

青少年体育锻炼行为的影响因素

以毛荣建（2003）所提出假设（在TPB理论基础上做出改进,将行为习惯、目标态度、情感体验3个变量融入了计划行为理论模型中,用来测量青少年体育锻炼态度。）为研究理论依托,进一步验证体育锻炼态度及其影响因素与体育锻炼行为之间的关系,通过《锻炼态度》与《体育锻炼行为》问卷对在校大学生分层随机调查,运用方差分析、相关分析、回归分析与路径分析等方法分析数据,结果表明：锻炼者与非锻炼者在体育锻炼态度各维度上呈现显著性差异;性别因素不能影响锻炼人群在体育锻炼态度的各项维度得分的差异性的结果,非锻炼人群也是如此;体育锻炼活动中,决定行为意向的关键变量因素是态度;具有高情感体验、或高认知的大学生,并不一定是锻炼者。路径分析说明,行为习惯、情感体验、行为认知、目标态度、主观标准一方面通过行为态度间接作用体育行为,另一方面,行为习惯、目标态度、主观标准对体育行为还具有直接的预测作用。     

Physical activity and situational motivation in physical education: influence of the motivational climate and perceived ability

The influence of perceptions of the motivational climate and perceived ability on situational motivation and the physical activity behavior of 213 male and 229 female adolescent physical education students (M age = 12.56 years; SD = 0.96) was examined over a 3-day period. A significant age by gender interaction emerged, with physical activity declining from the sixth to eighth grade. The decline was more pronounced among female than male students. Perceptions of a mastery climate were strongly related to more self-determined forms of situational motivation. In contrast, perceptions of a performance climate were strongly related to less self-determined forms of situational motivation. Results of a hierarchical regression analysis revealed gender, perceived ability, and perceptions of a mastery climate to explain a significant amount of variance in physical activity. These findings suggest that promoting a mastery oriented motivational climate in physical education will foster self-determined situational motivation and physical activity.     

Self-Efficacy for Coping With Barriers Helps Students Stay Physically Active During Transition to Their First Year at a University

The present study examined undergraduate students' physical activity during transition from high school to first-year university. Students' (N = 127) self-efficacy for coping with barriers to physical activity was investigated both as a predictor of physical activity and mediator of the relationship between pretransition and first-year physical activity. Physical activity was found to track moderately from pretransition to first year (r _s = .58). Self-efficacy for coping with barriers predicted physical activity (R ² _adjusted = .18, p < .05) and partially mediated the relationship between pretransition and first-year physical activity. Results support an interpretation that future intervention efforts could target first-year students' self-efficacy for coping with barriers to help curb the decline in physical activity that occurs during the transition to university life.     

Comparison of Hydrostatic Weighing at Residual Volume and Total Lung Capacity in Children

Abstract

The influence of perceptions of the motivational climate and perceived ability on situational motivation and the physical activity behavior of 213 male and 229 female adolescent physical education students (M age= 12.56 years; SD = 0.96) was examined over a 3-day period. A significant age by gender interaction emerged, with physical activity declining from the sixth to eighth grade. The decline was more pronounced among female than male students. Perceptions of a mastery climate were strongly related to more self-determined forms of situational motivation. In contrast, perceptions of a performance climate were strongly related to less self-determined forms of situational motivation. Results of a hierarchical regression analysis revealed gender, perceived ability, and perceptions of a mastery climate to explain a significant amount of variance in physical activity. These findings suggest that promoting a mastery oriented motivational climate in physical education will foster self-determined situational motivation and physical activity.     

The predictive ability of the frequency of perfectionistic cognitions, self-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism in relation to symptoms of burnout in youth rugby players

Perfectionism has been identified as an antecedent of athlete burnout. However, to date, researchers examining the relationship between perfectionism and athlete burnout have measured perfectionism at a trait level. The work of Flett and colleagues (Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, & Gray, 1998) suggests that perfectionism can also be assessed in terms of individual differences in the frequency with which they experience perfectionistic cognitions. The aims of this study were to: (1)examine the relationship between the frequency of perfectionistic cognitions and symptoms of athlete burnout; and (2)determine whether the frequency of perfectionistic cognitions account for additional unique variance in symptoms of athlete burnout above the variance accounted for by self-oriented and socially prescribed dimensions of perfectionism. Two-hundred and two male rugby players (mean age 18.8 years, s?=?2.9, range 16-24) were recruited from youth teams of professional and semi-professional rugby union clubs in the UK. Participants completed measures of trait perfectionism, frequency of perfectionistic cognitions, and symptoms of athlete burnout. The frequency of perfectionistic cognitions was positively related to all symptoms of athlete burnout and explained 3-4% unique variance in symptoms of athlete burnout after controlling for self-oriented and socially prescribed dimensions of perfectionism. Findings suggest that the frequency with which perfectionistic cognitions are experienced may also be an antecedent of athlete burnout. Perfectionistic cognitions should, therefore, be considered in both future models of the relationship between perfectionism and athlete burnout, as well as interventions aimed at reducing perfectionism fuelled burnout.     

Cross-cultural generalizability of the theory of planned behavior among young people in a physical activity context

The present study tested the cross-cultural generalizability of the measurement and structural parameters of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) among youth in a physical activity context. Pupils from five cultural groups completed measures of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intentions for physical activity. Five weeks later, participants completed self-report measures of physical activity behavior. Confirmatory factor analyses and multisample structural equation models revealed well-fitting models within each sample with minimal variations in the measurement parameters across cultures. There were a few significant cross-cultural differences in the structural relations among the TPB constructs. Attitudes predicted intentions in all samples (beta range = .300 to .550), whereas the effect of the subjective norms on intention was nonsignificant in all but the Hungarian sample (beta = .243). Conversely, the effect of PBC on intentions was significant (beta range = .302 to .573) in all but the Hungarian sample. Findings support the generalizability of the measures and pattern of effects for the TPB among young people in a physical activity context.     

社会经济地位与个体身体活动的关系及其影响因素

社会经济地位是影响个体身体活动参与的重要社会因素。通过对国内外相关研究文献进行分析,检验社会经济地位对不同群体身体活动的影响效应,梳理社会经济地位影响个体身体活动参与的作用路径,发现：（1）社会经济地位对个体的身体活动具有重要影响,但对青少年、普通人群和特殊人群身体活动的影响效应存在差异;（2）社会经济地位通过社区环境（体育活动设施、社区学校条件）、家庭因素（家庭物质环境、家庭成员身体活动行为）、久坐行为、超重或肥胖、锻炼动机（锻炼意图、自我效能）等因素对个体身体活动产生影响。（3）当前关于社会经济地位与身体活动关系的研究存在核心概念的界定与测量混乱、社会经济地位影响身体活动的理论构建缺乏等问题。     

An investigation of commitment among participants in an extended day physical activity program.

This study examined underserved youth participants' perceptions of commitment to an extended day physical activity program using Hellison's (1995) responsibility model. Seven participants ranging in age from 12 to 15 years participated in the study. Two personal interviews and a focus group interview were used to obtain participants' perceptions ofprogram commitment. Results revealed that program organization, personal characteristics, development of interpersonal relationships, and the program environment influenced their program commitment. Participants described the nature of commitment in terms of program behavior, emotional involvement, and program history. While the type of activity was cited as a positive influence on program commitment, the specific activity could also serve as a barrier to program commitment. Implications for program development andfuture research are offered.