创业成功的内涵、维度及其测量

创业成功及其衡量标准是创业领域研究的关键问题之一。创业成功不仅在实业界长期被激烈争论,其进入学术视野后,也引起了理论界的广泛探讨。目前,对于创业成功的内涵、维度及其测量的研究较为鲜见,尚存在争议。本文基于已有创业成功理论研究,通过对文献系统性的梳理与对创业者的半结构化访谈,提炼、完善了创业成功的维度,并开发出相应的测量量表。利用二次大规模问卷调查收集一手数据,通过对该数据进行探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,结果显示,本研究开发出的测量量表具有较高的信度和效度。实证分析结果表明,本研究开发的测量量表很好地反映了创业成功的内涵,较好地弥补了已有创业成功研究测量维度与量表的不足。最后本研究评述了研究的局限性,并展望了未来的研究方向,以供创业领域研究学者参考。     

创业失败修复的内涵、维度及其测量

创业失败修复的重要性越发受到学界和业界的关注,但是有关创业失败修复的内涵、维度及其测量的研究尚处于起步阶段。本文基于已有的创业失败修复理论研究,运用探索性案例研究方法,以连续创业者王兴的6次创业经历为研究对象,深入探索创业失败修复的过程机理,运用扎根理论并借助NVivo10软件对资料进行编码,提炼出创业失败修复的主要特征,探索、验证其结构维度,并开发相应的测量量表。研究发现,创业失败修复分为认知修复、情绪修复和行动修复三个维度。通过大规模的问卷调查,利用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析结果显示,本研究开发的测量量表具有较高的信度和效度,能够较好地反映创业失败修复的内涵,弥补了已有创业失败修复研究测量量表缺失的不足,为后续研究提供参考。     

创业生态系统下新创企业的网络关系特性

创业生态系统下新创企业与其他主体间建立的网络关系,能够帮助其获取关键资源、开发创业机会,支持并推动其生存和发展。然而,现有研究主要采用一般创业网络关系特性衡量创业生态系统下新创企业的网络关系,忽视了其具有的独特性以及在创业活动中发挥的重要作用。因此,本研究在文献梳理的基础上对定性访谈材料进行编码分析,深入探析创业生态系统下新创企业的网络关系特性内涵和维度,依据规范的开发程序编制初始测量量表,对问卷调查所获得326份有效问卷进行探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析以及信效度检验。研究结果表明,创业生态系统下新创企业的网络关系具有异质性、多重性和变化性,最终形成的测量量表具有较强的稳定性和可靠性,为未来研究奠定理论基础并提供相应测量工具。     

小微企业创业失败成本对创业失败学习的影响：内疚的中介作用

本研究以530名有创业失败经历的小微企业创业者为调查对象,编制了创业失败成本量表，并检验了其信效度。基于对179名有过创业失败经历的小微企业创业者的调查结果，本研究采用描述性统计分析、方差分析、回归分析等方法对数据进行分析，结果表明：创业失败成本及其心理成本维度均对创业失败学习具有显著的正向预测作用；内疚在创业失败成本及其心理成本维度与创业失败学习之间起完全中介作用。本研究不仅开发了测量创业失败成本的有效工具，而且还初步揭示了小微企业创业者的创业失败成本与创业失败学习之间的内在机制。     

数字创业生态系统特性：维度探析与量表开发

作为数字技术时代涌现的一种新生态系统范式,数字创业生态系统吸引了实务界和学术界的极大关注。然而,相关研究仍处于探索阶段,对数字创业生态系统特性的清晰认识以及相应的测量量表较为匮乏,需要进一步研究以推动相关领域发展。本文应用社会技术系统理论,结合探索性多案例研究与理论分析,以长沙马栏山视频文创园和杭州云栖小镇内企业为案例样本,提炼数字创业生态系统特性的3个维度分别为灵活性、融合性和衍生性。在此基础上,通过理论归纳形成初始量表,并应用实证研究方法对100份预调研问卷数据和413份正式调研问卷数据进行分析,最终开发出符合信效度检验的数字创业生态系统特性量表。研究结果有助于完善相关领域对数字创业生态系统特性的整体性见解,为构建数字创业生态系统理论奠定基础,并通过提供相应的测量工具,有益于数字创业生态系统领域由理论探究延伸至实证分析研究。同时,也为企业管理者、数字创业生态系统构建者和相关部门提供实践参考。     

创业孵化平台生态优势的量表开发与检验

创业孵化平台通过协调平台参与者力量能有效突破创业资源价值转换瓶颈,形成创业孵化平台生态优势。当前生态优势研究仍处于萌芽阶段,多以定性研究为主,缺乏测量工具。本研究基于理论与文献基础,以5家创业孵化平台为研究对象,运用扎根理论提炼出创业孵化平台生态优势的内涵和维度,根据规范的量表开发程序编制初始测量量表,对369份有效问卷进行信效度检验。结果显示：创业孵化平台生态优势包括生态多样性、生态协同性和生态进化性三个维度,最终呈现的测量量表具有较高的信度和效度,为后续实证研究奠定了量表基础和测量工具。     

产业集群创业人才孵化作用机理——基于中国五大产业集群的实证研究

产业集群中的创业问题日益成为区域经济研究的焦点问题.本文通过对中国五大产业集群中创业者的实证研究,分析了产业集群对创业人才产生孵化作用的主体机构,设计并构建了产业集群创业人才孵化因素量表,运用探索性和验证性因子分析,验证了产业集群对创业人才孵化体系的构成,构建了包括个人绩效和组织绩效两个主体因子的产业集群创业人才绩效评价量表;运用相关分析和多元回归分析,验证了产业集群孵化体系对创业人才绩效的影响作用机理,构建了产业集群创业人才孵化功能模型.     

企业科技向善：内涵、量表开发与检验

面对复杂易变的数字经济时代,企业科技向善的重要性日益受到学术界与实务界的关注,然而关于企业科技向善内涵、维度与测量的研究仍处于起步阶段。在回顾现有企业科技向善内涵研究的基础上,采取扎根理论并运用NVivo11软件对相关原始质性材料进行三级编码,明确企业科技向善的主要特征,探究并验证其维度,并开发测量量表。研究结果表明,企业科技向善分为理念文化向善、行动实践向善与治理制度向善三个维度。基于两阶段问卷调查结果,运用探索性因子分析法与验证性因子分析法实证检验后,结果显示研究开发的企业科技向善测量量表具备较佳信度与效度水平,能较为全面地反映企业科技向善内涵与维度,并完善了现有关于企业科技向善研究施测量表缺失的不足,给后续企业科技向善领域的研究提供了借鉴。     

企业员工获得感研究：量表编制与效度检验

基于个体资本的视角,本文构建了企业员工获得感的四维度结构模型,并开发了其测量量表。将员工获得感分为物质资本获得感、人力资本获得感、社会资本获得感与心理资本获得感四个维度。并结合现有文献和量表,形成了14条目的员工获得感测量量表。通过探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析验证了员工获得感的四维结构模型。数据分析也发现,获得感对员工的工作满意度、工作意义感、工作绩效等都有显著影响,支持了量表的预测效度。     

知识工作结构的量表开发与验证研究

基于知识员工个体的视角,对知识工作结构进行量表开发和验证研究。通过文献研究、征求专家意见和员工访谈,将知识工作结构的构成维度分为完备度、精细度、有序度、创新度和有效度。在此基础上,通过探索性因子分析开发知识工作结构量表,共包括20个题项,并通过验证性因子分析、信度和效度评估等验证量表的合理性。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.