中国出口企业技术创新异质性研究——来自上市公司的经验证据

技术创新是出口企业提高国际竞争力的重要战略,而技术创新的关键在于对其特性和形成原因的科学把握。本文在对企业技术创新的理论分析的基础上,运用多元统计和面板数据模型,以非出口企业、FDI企业为对照组,实证研究了中国上市出口企业技术创新异质性与影响因素。研究发现中国出口企业技术创新具有明显的异质性;研发资本投入、研发人力投入、企业冗余资源、技术装备程度、国有股权比例、股权集中度和企业规模对出口企业技术创新产出的作用具有类型异质性和大小差异性。研究结果可为中国出口企业技术创新决策提供参考。     

国际新创企业的国际化程度、知识密度与企业绩效

运用30家来自创业板的上市国际新创企业2011—2016年的面板数据,实证检验国际新创企业国际化程度、知识密度与企业绩效之间关系。结果显示,国际新创企业国际化程度与企业绩效之间是倒U形关系,知识密度正向调节两者间的倒U形关系。这不仅丰富国际新创企业国际化程度与企业绩效间关系形态及其边界条件的讨论,而且为我国创业者如何提升国际新创企业的企业绩效提供启示。     

合作与企业国际化创新:政府参与的调节作用

本文利用2009-2011年之间科技部创新型企业数据库中样本企业的面板数据,通过回归分析,实证检验了企业间合作和产学研合作对于企业国际化创新的影响,并探究了政府参与在该过程中的权变机制。研究发现,企业间合作和企业国际化创新绩效是正向的线性关系,而产学研合作对企业国际化创新绩效具有倒U型影响。政府参与正向调节企业间合作对国际化创新的影响,并改善产学研合作与企业国际化创新绩效之间的关系。     

小企业国际化研究新动向——来自企业家理论的渗透

早期的国际化理论认为企业规模是影响企业国际化的关键因素,并认为企业的国际化过程是顺序的、渐进的。但是小企业的国际化参与,以及瞬间国际化、国际化新投机企业和天生全球化企业等新现象的出现使得传统的国际化理论的现实解释力极大地被削弱,这构成了将其他研究领域成果引入国际化研究当中的巨大推动力。企业家网络构成了小企业网络的全部,并成为提供小企业生存和发展资源的主要来源。企业家的个体特征和能力影响着企业家的网络拓展能力,并进而影响着小企业的国际化进程。所以,将企业家理论与国际化理论相结合就成为了小企业国际化理论研究发展的新方向。     

Review Article: A Framework for a Safe and Ethical Healthcare System

New trade theory emphasises the important role that international trade plays in advancing technologies. This study examines the impact of international trade on firm research and development investment (RDI). Specifically, it analyses the impact of technology imports and product exports respectively on firm RDI in the high technology sector of China. The hypotheses are tested against 1111 firms in the high technology sector in Zhejiang province. Neither technology imports nor product exports have a positive impact on firm RDI at an aggregated level. However, disembodied technology imports have a significant positive impact on firm RDI, while non-high technology product exports show a significant negative impact.     

国际化程度和企业绩效M型曲线关系研究

企业在开展国际化业务的过程中呈现出明显的阶段性特征。现有研究基本认同国际化程度和企业绩效满足S型或倒S型的曲线关系,即"三段论"理论。基于对"三段论"理论的探讨和整合,利用140家国内汽车产业中小企业2005—2009年的特征面板数据,实证证明现有理论无法完整描述中小企业在国际化扩张的同时企业绩效的变化趋势。结论显示,企业的国际化过程有4个明显阶段,国际化程度和企业绩效的相关关系在这4个阶段不尽相同,二者呈现M型曲线关系。"四段论"在预测中小企业国际化过程中企业绩效的变化情况比"三段论"更为有效。     

中国国际人才集聚的空间格局演化及其对区域创新的影响

内容：本文基于2006-2015年30个省市国际人才和区域创新的数据,利用区位商、探索性空间分析法和空间面板计量方法,分析了我国区域国际人才集聚的空间格局演化特征及其对区域创新的影响。研究发现,我国国际人才集聚度总体较低,区域之间发展不均衡且存在显著的空间相关性,HH集聚省域主要分布于东部地区,LL集聚省域主要分布于中西部地区。随着时间推移,这种趋势不断强化；国际人才数量每增加1%,区域专利数增长0.23%,国际人才集聚显著提升了区域创新能力。根据研究发现,本文提出了进一步吸引国际人才,促进区域均衡发展的政策建议。     

Openness to international markets and the diffusion of standards compliance in Latin America. A multi level analysis

This study contributes to the debate on the role of openness to international markets for the diffusion of compliance with international standards in developing countries. Relying upon aggregated data for 1995-2005, as well as upon firm-level and secondary data from the Chilean salmon farming industry, the determinants of ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 diffusion at country, industry, and firm level, in Latin American are analysed. Our evidence suggests that openness to international markets acts at different levels. At both the country and industry level, it creates awareness and access to new knowledge therefore providing economic incentives or penalisations for evaluating certification. This effect competes and complements the deliberated efforts and policies in explaining diffusion of certification. At firm level, however, openness to international markets alone does not provide sufficient opportunities to acquire the knowledge required to comply with these standards. In this case, standards’ compliance depends on firm's capability to use relational and search assets, as well as on national and industrial efforts and policies to spread standards’ usage.     

工艺创新与企业规模关系的研究述评

企业规模是否对工艺创新具有积极的正向作用尚未有清晰的结论。通过对国内外研究成果的系统梳理和评述,研究工艺创新与企业规模的关系;进一步探讨技术后发企业的工艺创新随规模扩大而表现出的独特规律,突出体现后发企业的创新是以工艺创新为主导的,强调对工艺创新和企业规模的关系研究需要考虑不同的行业和企业背景。最后提出三点未来研究的方向,弥补工艺创新领域研究的不足。     

国际技术创新研究前沿领域的知识图谱分析——作者共被引网络与聚类分析视角

 运用最新可视化技术与科学计量学方法,绘制当代国际技术创新研究作者共被引知识图谱,从中探析其存在8个主要研究前沿领域,并且确定了其研究主题,即“基于演化视角的国家与产业创新系统”、“企业及产业的内生技术创新”、“基于演化视角的产业及企业创新与其成长”、“基于演化视角的产业及企业创新与知识管理的关系”、“创新与知识溢出”、“开放式创新范式下的产业及企业研发与其成长”、“产品创新绩效与知识管理的关系”、“基于动态能力的产业及企业创新与组织环境的关系”等。     

核心企业视角的产业集群与企业技术 创新关系的重新研究

摘要：产业集群有助于群内企业创新一直是集群文献中体现集群竞争优势的一个重要理论,本文从核心企业的视角出发对此进行了重新研究。发现核心企业阶段,现有文献中所强调的集群因素对核心企业创新虽然仍具有正向影响,但其影响已经相对较弱,且其作用机制也发生了变化。从原有的直接作用方式转化为间接的作用方式,本质上需要通过核心企业规模成长的中介作用才能对核心企业创新产生影响。这实际上意味着随着核心企业成长,群内企业的分工与定位更为明晰,并使得集群对企业创新的支持作用方式也发生了相应地改变,核心企业越来越担负起整个集群创新的发动机作用,创新主体也从集群整体层面重新又回到了企业个体层面尤其是核心企业这类特殊的企业上。这显示在一定程度上,强调整体层面的“集群式创新”理论恐怕已经很难再具有其原有的意义。     

Does co-location matter for formal knowledge collaboration in the Swedish biotechnology-pharmaceutical sector?

This article addresses the validity of assumptions about the importance of co-locality for innovation, by analyzing whether or not co-location matters for formal knowledge collaboration in the Swedish biotechnology-pharmaceutical sector, or biotech-pharma sector. The population of Swedish biotech-pharma firms has been defined, based on the three criteria of geographical location, their engagement in active knowledge development, and their specialized knowledge/product focus. The firms’ patterns of regional, national and international collaboration with other firms and with universities is analyzed, as well as the differing collaborative patterns of small versus large firm. In addressing the theoretical questions about the relative importance of co-location for innovation, the article also provides an empirical overview of the Swedish biotech-pharma sector, especially trends over time. This paper thus contributes to the literature by expanding our empirical knowledge about one European biotech-pharma sectoral system, e.g. Sweden, as well as addressing the theoretical question about the relative importance of co-location for formal knowledge collaboration.     

Company related variables and their impact on the NPD outcome in the context of international markets in Finnish high-technology companies

While much research has been directed at the variables critical to successful R&D of new products on the one hand and high-technology products on the other, much less work has been directed at those factors crucial to the success of these products when the firm enters the international marketplace. This study surveys Finnish high-technology firms and variables related to the properties of the company and their association with successful versus unsuccessful attempts to enter the international marketplace. Relationship between firm characteristics – type of industry, size of the company, background of key personnel, export intensity and experience in product launches – and success/failure in the product launches is investigated. The generalizability of the findings is also discussed.     

The emergence of a knowledge-based theory of internationalisation

This paper charts the development of the knowledge-based theory of internationalisation, driven particularly by early research at the University of Uppsala, led by Sune Carlson. Information and knowledge, allied with an interest in the associated effect on risk and uncertainty, were components of a process perspective. Its essence was a focus on the restraining effects of a lack of knowledge as decision-makers contemplated international market entry or expansion requiring a commitment of resources in various forms, in different types of foreign operations (such as exporting, licensing and foreign direct investment). Lack of knowledge of a prospective foreign market (of its characteristics, culture, ways of doing business) was seen to create uncertainty so that firm decision-makers would be less prepared to commit resources. This situation was bound to change as a firm conducted operations in the foreign market and acquired experiential knowledge (learning by doing), which made the foreign market less of a mystery, in the process lowering uncertainty. As the learning process unfolded, and expanded opportunities were perceived, at some stage the firm might be prepared to undertake additional commitments to the foreign market. Empirical research at Uppsala, and in Finland, had shown a pattern of gradual expansion of foreign commitments by internationalising firms. In terms of theoretical development, a key step was relaxation of the assumption of perfect knowledge used in economics (not without critique), noted by Don Lamberton in 1974. Following the development of internationalisation theory in the 1970s, there was a range of extensions to the basic theory, such as the role of networks, the nature of inward–outward connections, and the need for knowledge to pass over language hurdles in the process of international transmission – within and outside the firm. In one sense, the internationalisation of companies was a perfect research site for an exploration of the role of information and knowledge in firm behaviour, given the additional exigencies of the diverse and demanding information environment that is the international arena.     

国际化战略、逆向技术溢出与企业成长——整合资源与制度视角的中国企业经验分析

在经典国际RD溢出模型的基础上,利用中国制造业上市公司2006-2011年的数据,回归分析企业国际化行为与逆向技术溢出效应的关系并考察企业层面的资源和制度因素以及区域"情境特征"的调节作用。结果发现二者呈倒U型关系;企业人力资源和区域金融发展水平正向调节国际化的逆向溢出;而不同区域的企业制度因素(政府/外资参与)的调节效果有所差异:未考虑区域制度因素时,政府参与正向调节国际化的技术逆向溢出,外资参与不显著;考虑区域制度因素后,外资参与变得正向显著,而政府参与不显著。     

Marketing variables when launching high-technology products into international markets: An empirical study on Finnish technology firms

While much research has been directed at variables critical to successful R&D of new and high-technology products, much less work has been directed at factors crucial to success of these products when the firm attempts to enter the international marketplace. This study surveys Finnish technology firms and identifies those marketing method variables that are associated with successful versus unsuccessful attempts to enter the international marketplace. The rank order of importance of the different marketing methods will be presented.     

从500强企业看中国企业国际化进程

本文从国际化进程理论出发,运用内容分析法对中国企业的国际化行为与路径选择作了一次探索性研究。研究结果发现,获取资源与市场是中国企业初期进行国际化的主要动因,而获取战略资产与效率是企业后期国际化的主要驱动力;渐进式国际化进程理论对"市场寻求型"、"资源寻求型"、"效率获取型"与"战略资产获取型"四类跨国经营企业的解释力是逐渐递减的;中国企业选择海外市场的次序遵循心理距离由近到远的原则;渐进式国际化进程理论对中等规模的跨国经营企业有较强的解释力,而对于大型与小型的国际化企业解释力较弱,即中国环境下大型与小型企业走跳跃式国际化路径的可能性比中型企业大。基于上述研究结果,本文提出了研究推论并为政府与企业提出了相关建议。     

New Kiwifruit Cultivar Carves a Firm Niche in European Market

While enhancing the world kiwifruit production by developing new cultivars,CAS researchers are gaining a firm foothold in international kiwifruit market as they prolong their control over the propagation rights of a recently developed novel yellowfleshed cultivar, Jin Tao, in European countries.     

政府补贴对企业生产率的双刃剑效应——基于异质性企业理论和门槛回归方法的研究

运用并拓展国际经济学领域的异质性企业模型,从企业异质性视角讨论政府补贴对企业生产率的双刃剑效应。通过模型推演发现,政府补贴对企业生产率的双刃剑效应表现为双门槛、三区间效应:对于既有生产率高于研发创新门槛生产率的企业,政府补贴能够刺激其研发创新并促进生产率提升;对于既有生产率低于研发创新门槛生产率的企业,政府补贴无法激发企业研发创新,进而不影响生产率;对于既有生产率进一步低于幸存门槛生产率的企业,政府补贴虽不影响其研发创新,但会令这些本应被市场竞争淘汰的落后企业得以弥补亏损、继续幸存,从而在数据上表现为政府补贴“阻碍”企业生产率提升①。利用门槛回归方法,本文支持了上述模型推论。政府应当充分考虑企业异质性,择优补贴、锦上添花。     

The grace period in international patent law and its effect on the timing of disclosure

The paper applies a novel methodology to US and EPO patent data to assess how often the “general grace period” exception is used in the USA and the likely impact of international patent regulations that almost invariably deny such use on the pace of new disclosures in academia. Comparisons of average publication delays of European academic inventors show that the grace period accelerates knowledge communication and that variations are likely to depend on a lack of harmonisation of international legal systems, transaction costs and the presence of a firm among patent assignees.