明清“掣签法”述论

明清掣签制度萌芽于洪武时期,基本确立于万历年间,它是在明代吏治逐渐败坏的情况下,为了公平的选授官员而逐渐形成的,其主要特征是在铨选时以抽签的方式选授官员;清代的掣签制度也是基于这样的初衷而实行的。明清的掣签制度,其演变的历史渊源、确立与发展以及清代的承袭,是中国古代政治制度嬗变的一个典型。     

为什么要加上“正式”二字?

高中中国古代史在讲述清朝与西藏地区的关系时有这样的话 :“清入关后 ,五世达赖来京朝贺 ,顺治帝隆重接待 ,并正式赐予他‘达赖喇嘛’的封号”。这里为什么要加上“正式”二字呢？原来 ,达赖只是西藏地区黄教这一教派的宗教领袖 ,而不是西藏地方政府的领导人。一世、二世达赖并不称“达赖喇嘛” ,三世达赖索南措嘉到现在的内蒙地区传教 ,蒙古人民信仰他 ,崇拜他 ,尊之为“达赖喇嘛” ,意为“智慧的大海”。１６４３年 ,五世达赖得到青海蒙古部落酋长固治汗的帮助 ,取得了政权 ,从那时起 ,达赖喇嘛才成为西藏宗教和政治的领袖。１６５２年 ,…     

清末民初十三世达赖喇嘛对中央政府态度转变及原因

十三世达赖喇嘛是近代西藏历史上最重要的人物之一,在不同的历史阶段,他在中央权力与国外势力中斡旋斗争,对中央政府的态度也由倾心内向而逐渐背离,并最终走向独揽西藏政教大权,寻求西藏事实独立的道路。这一历史过程是多种因素综合作用、渐进发展的结果,对近代西藏产生了深远的影响。文章从近代西藏的历史大背景人手,还原十三世达赖喇嘛对中央政府态度的变化过程,并对其态度转变原因进行分析。     

活佛转世与金瓶掣签

活佛转世与金瓶掣签１９９５年５月１４日，达赖喇嘛突然在印度宣布西藏一名儿童为“班禅真正转世灵童”。对此，国务院宗教事务局发言人在答记者问中明确指出，此举是“非法的、无效的”，并表示将依照历史惯例采用“金瓶掣签”方式认定班禅转世灵童。活佛转世究竟是怎么...     

读报常識

达賴喇嘛和班禅額尔德尼西藏的宗教首領同时就是政治领袖,按照西藏地方历史传統,有两个政治宗教领袖,即达赖喇嘛和班禅额尔德尼。达赖是蒙古語大海的意思,说他的智慧象海洋一样辽阔;达赖喇嘛的称号始自三世达赖。1575年(明万历3年),三世达賴琐南嘉错应青海蒙古酋长俺答汗的邀请,到青海传法以后,被尊称为达赖喇嘛。但“达赖喇嘛”的正式封号,是清朝顺治皇帝封的。班禅是梵文智慧学識深博广大的意思,额尔德尼是一种尊称。1717(康熙56)年,清朝康熙皇帝始封“班禅额尔德尼”称号。达赖驻拉萨,班禅駐札什伦布。     

试论蒙古势力与达赖喇嘛的西藏政教合一政权

达赖喇嘛活佛转世系统,从最初的藏传佛教格鲁派活佛转世系统之一,到后来却发展成为整个藏区地位最高的活佛转世系统,成为西藏政教合一政权中的最高领袖,在这个转变过程中,有两位蒙古历史人物发挥了极其重要的作用。蒙古土默特部首领俺答汗赐索南嘉措达赖喇嘛这个封号,使格鲁派活佛世系开始有了达赖这个尊号;硕特部首领固始汗扶助五世达赖喇嘛建立甘丹颇章政权,使达赖喇嘛及其格鲁派从此有了属于自己的政权,确保了达赖喇嘛活佛系统在西藏的长期统治地位。格鲁派与蒙古军事势力的联盟,又为达赖喇嘛活佛系统与清朝中央政府进一步建立关系创造了良好的条件,并全面推动西藏地方政府纳入清朝统治的历史进程。     

唐代借贷契约掣夺条款探析

掣夺条款是唐代借贷契约中的一种特殊条款,掣夺制度的出现与唐代交易的支付方式有关,其功用是为了保障债权的实现。通过对契约文本的梳理和条款文字的解析,探析掣夺条款的功能与性质。一般认为,唐代借贷契约中的掣夺条款是一种担保,通过与现代担保的比较可以得知,掣夺的性质不属于担保,而是特殊的债权保障。借贷双方通过约定允许债权人私力救济,以实现债权,唐朝官方也以国家法律的形式承认这种私力救济的合法性,掣夺是中古时代公私观念、国家法律与私人债权保障需求共同作用的结果,与现代债权法规定有很大不同。     

达赖喇嘛的非法行径

我国达赖、班禅转世灵童的产生一是要遵循西藏的宗教仪轨,二是要经中央政府批准,这是200多年来形成的历史惯例和定制。我以一张保存了半个多世纪的历史照片,来证明这一历史事实。照片摄于1940年第十四世达赖喇嘛坐床典礼,照片上的大人是当时任国民政府蒙藏委员会委员孙燕谋先生,他抱的正是经当时中央政府批准的达赖喇嘛丹增嘉措。     

西藏摄政制度述论

公元１７５１年以后,在清朝政府的大力支持下,达赖喇嘛正式成为西藏地方政府的首脑,集政教大权于一身。但是我们发现,自七世达赖之后,历任达赖喇嘛多寿命不长,有的未及亲政即夭折,有的虽然亲了政,但年限极短。下面,我们将七世至十四世达赖喇嘛的掌政年代列表如下...     

论第司·桑杰嘉措之历史地位

桑杰嘉措以第司身份代理五世达赖喇嘛总管全藏政教事务,在五世达赖喇嘛圆寂后秘不丧长达十五年之久。主持藏政二十余年,为西藏社会和平、安定作出了一定的贡献。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.