Peer group status as a moderator of group influence on children's deviant, aggressive, and prosocial behavior

Group status was examined as a moderator of peer group socialization of deviant, aggressive, and prosocial behavior. In the fall and 3 months later, preadolescents and early adolescents provided self-reported scores for deviant behavior and group membership, and peer nominations for overt and relational aggression, prosocial behavior, and social preference. Using the social cognitive map, 116 groups were identified involving 526 children (282 girls; M age=12.05). Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that high group centrality (visibility) magnified group socialization of relational aggression, deviant behavior, and prosocial behavior, and low group acceptance magnified socialization of deviant behavior. Results suggest group influence on behavior is not uniform but depends on group status, especially group visibility within the larger peer context.     

员工越轨行为的前因变量研究

文章通过对286名员工的问卷调查,探讨了影响员工越轨行为的因素。结果发现：知觉组织支持与员工越轨行为呈负向关系;心理契约破裂与员工越轨行为呈正向关系;组织认同与员工越轨行为的关系不显著。     

社会排斥对大学生网络偏差行为的影响:社交焦虑的中介作用与网络消极情绪体验的调节作用

为考察社交焦虑在社会排斥与大学生网络偏差行为之间的中介效应以及网络消极情绪体验的调节效应,使用社会排斥量表、社交焦虑量表、网络消极情绪体验量表与网络偏差行为量表对822名大学生进行调查。结果显示:(1)社会排斥显著正向预测大学生网络偏差行为;(2)社交焦虑在社会排斥与网络偏差行为的关系中起部分中介作用;(3)网络消极情绪体验调节了社会排斥对大学生网络偏差行为这一中介过程的后半段路径。社会排斥对大学生网络偏差行为的影响是有调节的中介效应。     

新环境下高校学生教育管理工作转型探索

高校学生管理既面临着全球化、网络化、新媒介等因素构成的社会新环境，又面临着问题学生增加的新情况，正确认识和分析新环境的主要特征。把握新情况下大学生心理失衡、行为失范以及大学生主体性延伸的特性，有利于探索高校学生管理工作的新发展。开拓高校学生管理工作的视界，树立以人为本的教育理念，实现社会转型时期高校学生管理工作的时代转型。     

Teacher Classroom Management Skills and Pupil Behavior

An experimental group of 20 in service elementary teachers was trained using the Utah State University Classroom Management Protocol Modules, and compared before and after training with a control group of 9 teachers. Although the experimental teachers received more favorable post-training scores on all 13 classroom management behaviors covered in the modules, the differences were generally small and nonsignificant. The level of work involvement and deviant behavior of pupils of the experimental group teachers was also compared before and after the teachers had been trained. In recitation situations, pupil work involvement increased and deviant behavior decreased significantly. In seat work situations, pupil work involvement increased significantly, but no significant changes occurred in deviant behavior.     

社会失范与越轨行为

我国在从传统型社会向现代型社会转型的过程中,旧的规范对人们社会行为的指导作用和制约作用减弱,而新的规范沿不具备制约行为的能力,产生了所谓“规范真空”状态。在社会失范状态下,各种旧的规范、新的规范以及在社会实际生活中人们自创的规范杂然关存,越轨行为受到社会规范制裁的力度和几率都大大下降,导致越轨行为的成本大大降低,引发越轨行为大量产生。     

Neurobiological Sensitivity to Social Rewards and Punishments Moderates Link Between Peer Norms and Adolescent Risk Taking

Although peer influence is a strong predictor of adolescents’ risk-taking behaviors, not all adolescents are susceptible to their peer group. One hundred and thirty-six adolescents (M_age = 12.79 years) completed an fMRI scan, measures of perceived peer group norms, and engagement in risky behavior. Ventral striatum (VS) sensitivity when anticipating social rewards and avoiding social punishments significantly moderated the association between perceived peer norms and adolescents’ own risk behaviors. Perceptions of more deviant peer norms were associated with increased risky behavior, but only for adolescents with high VS sensitivity; adolescents with low VS sensitivity were resilient to deviant peer norms, showing low risk taking regardless of peer context. Findings provide a novel contribution to the study of peer influence susceptibility.     

农村留守儿童越轨行为的现状、成因及其预防

当前农村留守儿童越轨行为呈高发态势.对家庭和学校较低的依恋度、社会支持不足、个体主观满意度不高、外在监管不到住以及个体本身的严重缺陷是农村留守儿童越轨行为发生的主要原因.预防和减少其越轨行为的发生需要从家庭、学校、社区等多种渠道入手.     

越轨社会学初探

当前中国社会正处于快速转型期,经济和社会的发展需要依赖长久的稳定。对越轨行为的分析、研究与控制,无疑是新世纪社会学者们肩负的一项重要任务。运用文献分析的方法,首先对越轨行为进行明确的社会学意义上的界定,接着逐一考察当前具有代表性的越轨社会学理论的缺点,最后运用吉登斯的结构化理论来分析越轨行为产生的原因。通过讨论越轨者与其行为反应者的互动、越轨者与越轨群体的互动,得出结论：越轨行为是越轨行为者与其所处的社会情境互动的产物,双方共同建构了越轨行为的内在机制和外在表现。     

Cheating behavior among students of four Moscow institutes

This paper reports the results of the first survey conducted in Moscow on student cheating behavior in December of 1991. I propose that cheating, like many other forms of deviant behavior, can be explained as rooted in the social structure. I propose a way of combining Merton's structural approach with the learning theory of deviant behavior. Merton's typology of individual adaptation is extended to a case where there is a difference between official and unofficial goals and means. I use the theory of neutralization to understand how students justified cheating in such social conditions. The survey revealed that an overwhelming majority of students cheat, and that students justify cheating by saying that it is the fault of the education system. In addition my results suggest that there was a linkage between the macro structure of Soviet society (including its educational system) and cheating behavior among students. The structure of the Soviet system provided opportunities and motivation to cheat together with the rationale to justify cheating. The changes which were introduced with Perestroika only worsened the situation by blurring the notions of appropriate and deviant behavior in many spheres of life. The implications for the present changes going on in Russia are discussed.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Eastern Sociological Society Meeting (Boston, March 1993). I am grateful for the helpful comments of Jerry A. Jacobs, Ewa Morawska, Harold Bershady and Paul Wolpe.     

加强中小学生偏差行为预防的综合素质评价研究

中小学生综合素质评价工作在预防中小学生违法、减少偏差行为发生的教育方面担负着极其重要的责任.在结合"枫桥经验"社会治理理论、布朗芬布伦纳发展生态学理论、责任分散效应、临界教育分级处遇制度理论基础上,加强中小学生偏差行为预防的综合素质评价应着重从以下四方面深入工作.一是完善评价体系中关于偏差行为预防的测评内容,从制度上明确将偏差行为测评列入中小学生综合素质测评的具体操作方式和相关评价标准.二是完善评价体系,成立由学校、社会、家庭、学生共同开展评价的全方位、多角度评价.三是完善后续应对措施,筛选出偏差行为 高风险的学生参与综合素养提升活动,充分引入家庭课堂、社会心理服务资源等,针对性开展后续应对.四是建立跟踪制度,通过社会服务、亲职教育、相关团体辅导、成长小组、个案咨询等多种形式分析记录,建立中小学生的综合素质评价长效跟踪机制.     

Effects of academic performance on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior: A national study in Taiwan

BackgroundChild maltreatment has been found to significantly increase the risk of deviant behavior. Academic performance has been shown to have an indirect effect on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior. However, not all adolescents who have been maltreated engage in deviant behavior, so the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior has remained unclear.ObjectiveThe aim of this research was to examine the potential mediating and/or moderating effects of academic performance on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior.Participants and settingThe data in this study were from a nationwide study examining the consequences of childhood maltreatment in Taiwan. The database consisted of data from 2321 adolescents.MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted. Self-report data were obtained on childhood maltreatment experiences, academic performance, and deviant behaviors. Path analyses and a generalized linear model were used to examine the effects of academic performance on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior.ResultsMost participants were male (61.4%), with a mean age of 15.9 years. The mean scores of self-rated academic performance and deviant behavior were 2.86 and 8.2, respectively. A total of 83% participants reported having experienced childhood maltreatment. In this study, academic performance was found to have a moderating rather than a mediating effect on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior. Among adolescents who had been maltreated during childhood, those who self-rated poorer academic performance were more likely to have a higher deviant behavior score than those who self-rated better academic performance.ConclusionsGood academic performance can be a buffer that reduces the risk of deviant behavior among individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment. Healthcare professionals and educators can tailor early prevention and intervention educational programs targeted toward adolescents with experience of childhood abuse or poor academic performance to prevent the incidence of deviant behavior and thus break the cycle of violence.     

幼儿园告状行为的案例探析

在幼儿园教育教学实践中,幼儿告状行为时有发生。告状是幼儿在成长中一种非常普遍的而又令人犯难的行为。国内外学者的研究已经证明告状行为存在一定的规律性,研究好儿童的告状行为对于促进儿童全面发展,为幼儿园的教学活动提供借鉴以及为家长进行成功的家教提供帮助都有十分重要的意义。结合幼儿园发生的真实案例,尝试将各种较为常见的告状行为分为有意义告状和无意义告状,并从规则认知、社会性发展、心理发展以及道德发展的维度分析告状类型及原因,并寻求相应的解决方法。     

大学生偏差行为的学校社会工作介入探究

随着当前日益复杂的文化价值观的冲击,处于流行文化交汇最前端的大学生对自己的思想行为有了更多的选择,出现偏差行为的概率也越来越高。对大学生偏差行为的控制已经成为高校思想政治工作需要重点关注的问题。在分析当前大学生偏差行为的类型和特点以及大学生产生偏差行为的原因基础上,从学校社会工作角度对预防和矫治大学生偏差行为的途径和方法进行探索,以期提高调适大学生偏差行为工作的实效性。     

青少年暴力成因及干预对策——一个花季少年为何走上犯罪的深渊

青少年时期是生理心理发育的关键时期,也是心理冲突和情绪、行为问题的高发阶段,攻击行为及暴力便是其中较为突出的问题之一。文章以一位正在服刑的青少年暴力犯的成长故事为线索分别从青少年个体、家庭、学校等视角探讨了影响青少年暴力攻击行为发生的因素,并在此基础上得出影响暴力的最本质的因素是青少年缺乏足够的社会能力和正确的自我认知观念。为此,本研究建议对青少年暴力行为进行生活技能的培训和认知行为的训练,以预防和减少青少年暴力行为的发生。     

The Relationship of Socio‐cognitive Oversimplification and the Social Behaviour of Adolescents

When processing information about their world, people systematically reduce objective complexity. This is true not only of cognitive problem‐solving, but also other everyday situations, for example where decisions are required in situations relevant to morality. The developmental psychological perspective suggests that the adequate handling of situations like these requires, on the one hand, an age‐related, increasing differentiation in social cognition and, on the other hand, an ever more effective structuring and integration of information. However, the operation of the latter developmental process might carry the risk that complexity reduction (in the sense of oversimplification) substitutes for adequate psychosocial development. Undue emphasis on complexity reduction may suggest situation‐specific action alternatives, which though inappropriate, are ‘easier to handle’. In an empirical study using 176 pupils from Polytechnic High Schools in (East) Berlin, we test the hypothesis that a tendency towards oversimplification in (fictitious) situations of moral relevance is systematically related to deviant behaviour at school. Results show that students exhibiting deviant behaviour do indeed have a stronger tendency to oversimplify social cognition. It can also be shown that the frequency of complex social cognitions generally increases with age. This trend, however, is found for non‐deviant students only. For deviant students a decrease in complex social cognitions with increasing age was found. Furthermore, it can be shown that these results are not confounded with the effects of gender or academic grade.     

L.A. Stories: Aggression in Preschoolers' Spontaneous Narratives after the Riots of 1992

64 inner-city preschoolers' spontaneous story narratives that were examined directly after the Los Angeles riots of 1992 were compared with narratives told by a matched comparison group of 128 children living in other U.S. cities who had no direct exposure to the riots. Narratives were coded for length, complexity, overall thematic content, character behavior in the stories, number of aggressive words, and story outcome. Children were given language and pre-academic skill assessments, their classroom behavior was observed, and teachers rated children's social competence. Results indicated that there were significant group differences in the story narratives. Children who were directly exposed to the riots told more narratives with aggressive thematic content, aggressive words, unfriendly figures who engaged in physical aggression, and mastery of situations with aggression than did the comparison group of children who had no direct exposure to the riots. The findings suggest that children's narratives reflected their exposure to the violence and their expression of that experience.     

Heterogeneity of Peer-rejected Girls

Heterogeneity within a sample of 46 peer-rejected 8–10-year-old girls was investigated using cluster analysis procedures. Rejected girls were identified using rating sociometrics, and peer and teacher behavior rating measures were obtained. 2 large clusters emerged from the analysis, with one of these being more deviant than the other. The more deviant group was characterized by withdrawal, anxiety, and low academic functioning. In contrast to findings previously reported for boys, aggression scores did not differentiate the 2 clusters. Thus, it does not appear that the use of a combination of aggression and rejection criteria identifies the most deviant group of girls.     

网络平台下高校心理健康教育功能模式探究

青少年心理健康教育是社会一直以来关注的焦点,当今青年大学生已进入数字化的生存状态,而高校营造以网络为平台的心理健康教育功能模式具有其优势。网络平台下高校心理健康教育功能模式的建构具有如下四个实现路径:利用校园网络渠道进行情绪的沟通疏导;利用校园网络虚拟空间进行自我的重塑调控;校园网络文化的引导功能;以及校园网络偏差行为对心理健康的警示干预功能。