论网络组织——基于经济学与管理学的分析比较

Network organization is a new business organization structure of the 21~(st) century.It's a hot issue shown concern for both by economics and management science.In this article,its origin,evolution and basic characteristics are analyzed in terms of economics and management science.Finally,the two different analyses are compared and summarized.     

科学中的计划和自由

计划和自由之间的关系是贯穿 2 0世纪科学发展的一个重要政策议题 ,充分反映了科学与社会之间不断变化的互动关系。本文考察了 2 0世纪有关计划和自由之间关系政策争论的内容和意义 ,通过分析科学史上的案例 ,论述了科学中计划与自由之间的关系     

Tracking user-role evolution via topic modeling in community question answering

Community question answering (CQA) services that enable users to ask and answer questions are popular on the internet. Each user can simultaneously play the roles of asker and answerer. Some work has aimed to model the roles of users for potential applications in CQA. However, the dynamic characteristics of user roles have not been addressed. User roles vary over time. This paper explores user representation by tracking user-role evolution, which could enable several potential applications in CQA, such as question recommendation. We believe this paper is the first to track user-role evolution and investigate its influence on the performance of question recommendation in CQA. Moreover, we propose a time-aware role model (TRM) to effectively track user-role evolution. With different independence assumptions, two variants of TRM are developed. Finally, we present the TRM-based approach to question recommendation, which provides a mechanism to naturally integrate the user-role evolution with content relevance between the answerer and the question into a unified probabilistic framework. Experiments using real-world data from Stack Overflow show that (1) the TRM is valid for tracking user-role evolution, and (2) compared with baselines utilizing role based methods, our TRM-based approach consistently and significantly improves the performance of question recommendation. Hence, our approach could enable several potential applications in CQA.     

Knowledge held in common. Tales of Luther Burbank and science in the American vernacular.

During the first half of the twentieth century, the horticulturist Luther Burbank was largely considered an irrelevant figure by the scientific community, despite winning acclaim from the public as an eminent scientist. In examining the intellectual, social, and political claims embedded in texts by and about Burbank, this essay argues that consideration of the Burbank stories as they circulated in the vernacular realm can aid historians in understanding the dynamics of science in American life. Among the themes it addresses are how the Burbank stories directly engaged the question of who should legitimately count as a student of nature; the varied philosophical perspectives that derived from siting science within the deomestic sphere; and how these stories played with the possibility of a philosophy of nature based on the concept of "living matter," as opposed to one grounded on mechanistic principles. The essay also discusses how Burbank's views on evolution were mediated by the image of the child and the way in which his convictions regarding the power of the environment to release latent characteristics in physiological material presented a view of the future of the American "race" that was at odds with conventional eugenic thinking and assigned a central role to women in the drama of American evolution.     

民办高校的管理机制研究

改革开放以来,特别是20世纪后20年,伴随着市场经济的发展,民办高等教育在中国重新崛起,构成了中国高等教育改革大潮中一道亮丽的风景线。1999年,国务院批转的教育部《面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划》以及各种鼓励民办高校发展的文件、法规颁布后,高等教育大众化的目标成为我国高等教育改革中的一个重要组成部分,民办教育的发展也成为国人关注的焦点问题之一。如何使民办教育摆脱面前的各种障碍和不利因素,在市场中求得生存和发展,是各类民办高校以及各类研究机构重点关注和研究的问题,本文试图从管理的角度,为民办高校的发展之路献上一家之言。     

国际私法先决问题的理论与实践分析及对中国的立法建议

先决问题是国际民事关系发展的结果,学者对先决问题没有统一的观点,对此问题表达了不同的观点,并形成了不同的理论。对于先决问题的研究,将有助于解决因此而产生的相关问题,尤其是在婚姻、家庭、继承等领域,先决问题的解决将有利于本问题的的处理,从而有效地维护当事人的利益。     

服务创新评价研究的现状、特点与未来

服务创新已成为20世纪末21世纪初创新研究和服务管理研究的一个新热点,而服务创新评价又是服务创新研究中的一个重要课题。基于对国内外服务创新评价研究成果的全面调查,通过深入分析服务创新评价指标体系构建和数据调查的特点,本文提出未来服务创新评价研究的发展趋势。     

我国国家创新系统的历史演进（上）

本文分析了我国自十八、十九世纪至今国家创新系统的演进过程。文中将这一演进过程分之为五个阶段:第一阶段为十八世纪到十九世纪上半叶;第二阶段为晚清政府时期(1860-1911);第三阶段是中华民国时期(1912-1949);第四阶段为新中国建国到改革开放前(1949-1978);第五阶段是改革开放后至今(1978-)。本文分别就这五个阶段,分析了国家创新系统演变的整体经济环境,各创新主体的发展状况及相关制度的影响,各创新主体间的相互作用及相关制度建设。最后,初步归纳了我国国家创新系统的演进轨迹。本文上篇主要分析了前三个阶段,即从十八、十九世纪到中华民国时期国家创新系统的历史演进情况。     

中国工业化问题系统研究序幕的开启——"以农立国"与"以工立国"的争论

20世纪20年代开始的“以农立国”和“以工立国”的争论,是中国是否要实现工业化的争论,是进步和退步的争论。本文对这场争论发生的背景、过程及影响进行了全面分析,认为,这场争论正式宣告了中国将顺应潮流,追求进步,选择工业化作为未来发展的方向;这次论战是中国思想界彻底抛弃传统思维,开启工业化问题系统研究序幕的标志。     

Welcome to the Twilight Zone: a forgotten early phase of human evolutionary studies

The field of paleoanthropology arose out of a strange and unacknowledged early phase of development prior to about the 1930s. It is often assumed that a key pillar of the discipline, the unity of humankind--the notion that humans are clearly separated phylogenetically (genealogically) from other non-human primates--was widely accepted from the inception of paleoanthropology around 1860. However, a final consensus on this fundamental question only appeared later on in the 20th century. This paper will focus on two key areas of disagreement, which reveal the unsettled state of this question during this early period: the question of uncertainty with respect to the number, identity and boundary of primate species (including humans) which prevailed in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries; and the matter of uncertainty with respect to the nature of the phylogenetic relationships among the various human populations and the other primate species which prevailed between 1864 and 1931. Consideration of these matters reveals that the modern research structure that paleoanthropologists take for granted today is much more recent than believed.     

日本运用专利法律激励保护职工发明及思考

<正>随着世界新科技革命的迅猛发展和全球贸易的激烈竞争,发达国家为形成持续的强势竞争力和保持持续增长的空间,普遍运用专利制度激励保护职工发明创造。日本为实现知识产权立国的国策和增强企业的竞争力,近年来进一步重视激励保护职工发明创造。中日两国因国情不同,专利制度表现迥异,但日本重视运用专利法律激励保护职工发明创造的经验,令人深思,值得借鉴。     

全球变化与文明演进的哲学思辨

全球变化是目前地学界重点关注的问题之一,文明的演进也是科学界重点研究的课题。本文从全球变化和文明演进的内涵谈起,说明了全球变化对文明的影响,讨论了文明演进对全球变化的影响,最后揭示两者是相辅相成、互相作用的关系。     

东北大学建设大学科技园的实践与思考

通过对东北大学自主发展校办高新技术产业,建设国家大学科技园过程的剖析,阐述了一条“研究－孵化－产业化－再孵化”的大学科技园发展的良好模式,及其产生的完善功能。并对大学科技园发展过程中存在的观念、官产学研结合、创新人才、政策和孵化创新等问题进行了深入的探讨。     

数字图书馆知识产权保护的争议范畴及保护措施

数字图书馆建设中知识产权问题是一个非常新的研究课题,近年来,数字图书馆的官司不断,在数字图书馆的知识产权保护的争议范畴内,如何处理知识产权权利人、网络服务提供者、作品使用者三方利益平衡,正确进行合理使用和法定许可为数字图书馆留下的空间,以及如何采取有效的保护措施,是数字图书馆建设中应解决的关键问题。     

The origins of research into the origins of life

Most scientists at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century chose to ignore the question of the origin of life on Earth, regarding it as too mysterious and complex to handle. Yet, in the early 1950s an experimental field devoted to the study of the problem made its first steps. The pioneering theories of several scientists in the first decades of the 20th century played a major role in this transformation, notably those of the Russian biochemist Alexander I. Oparin and the British geneticist and biochemist J.B.S. Haldane. The ideas of the lesser-known American psycho-physiologist Leonard Troland also made a significant contribution to subsequent developments in origin-of-life research. Therefore, it is well worth taking a look at the professional, philosophical and ideological commitments that shaped the approaches of the three scientists to origin-of-life research.     

灵动的思想 活动的双手——机电一体化实习操作能力培养思路探析

机电一体化作为一个全新的尝试,用自动化代替了繁琐的手工操作,其优越性和先进性已被人们广泛接受。培养新世纪的机电一体化人才,更是各个职业类学校的当务之急。本文就探讨机电一体化专业实习教学管理,对改革教学内容、提高实习教学效益,注重实习教学实验室基地建设,加强教师队伍建设,培养“双师型”教师等方面谈谈自己的想法和体会,旨在通过这一系列措施,培养学生的操作能力,提高学生的实践基本技能,使他们掌握先进制造方法,达到预期效果,从而实现中等职业技术教育的培养目标。     

合成生物学:开启生命科学“会聚”研究新时代

自然科学各学科的研究对象在时空尺度上的差别与相连,既决定了学科间的差别,也决定了学科间的交叉。生物学在发展到以机理研究为主的"生命科学"阶段后,得益于学科交叉和技术创新,在20世纪"分子生物学"和"基因组学"革命基础上,通过引入工程学理念,形成了"合成生物学",并迅速形成"会聚研究"的第三次革命。文章在阐述合成生物学的内涵并回顾其学科发展历程与取得成果的基础上,特别提出了合成生物学的科技支撑与社会治理问题,期望引起科学界、社会公众与政府管理层面的关注。     

大力加强我国面向21 世纪的全球资源战略研究

资源问题是当今世界面临的重要问题之一。改革开放以来,中国经济高速增长,对资源的消耗也不断增大,为保证我国经济持续增长对资源需求的大量增加,中国需要越来越多地利用国外资源。因此,加强我国面向21 世纪的全球资源战略研究具有重要的意义: 　①有力于面向世界解决我国短缺资源的战略接替问题;②有利于改善我国资源消费的结构; 　③有利于我国尽快适应经济发展和资源开发全球化的要求。中国21 世纪的全球资源战略研究的内容主要有以下几个方面: 　①全球主要资源数量、质量、分布及供需预测; 　②世界主要国家资源战略及其演变; 　③中国21 世纪初叶主要资源的供求预测;　④如何合理利用我国的优势资源、如何弥补我国的资源劣势以及如何对一些战略性资源进行储备。     

Assessing the role of steam power in the first industrial revolution: The early work of Nick von Tunzelmann

This article considers the historiographical and theoretical significance of Nicholas von Tunzelmann's first book, Steam Power and British Industrialization to 1860. Von Tunzelmann assessed the quantitative impact of the Watt steam engine and its pirate copies on the British economy using the social savings method pioneered by R.W. Fogel, showing that the impact was smaller and later than many historians had supposed. These results are of more than quantitative significance because they call into question a dominant line in the history of industrialization that focuses on the steam engine as a key determinant of the dynamics of industrial growth in Britain from the late eighteenth century. This article discusses the origin of this line in the work of Arnold Toynbee and outlines its long-term influence on economic history, including contemporary debates on the question of why Europe outpaced China and India from the seventeenth century. These issues are important also for innovation studies, which often describes the relation between innovation and growth in terms of such ‘critical technologies’ as steam power; these accounts are subject to the same weaknesses as technicist histories of industrialization. Von Tunzelmann's early work is therefore of continuing theoretical and empirical significance as we seek an adequate theory of the links between innovation and growth.     

国际创业研究25年：主题演进与学者群体

创业研究正在走向成熟与独立吗?通过回顾过去25年里创业领域各个研究主题与学者群体的产生与演进,考察了研究的共识水平以及知识基础,进而尝试着回答了这一问题。最后展望了创业研究的未来。