个体化目标公开范围对小学生学习成绩影响的研究

在课堂教学中可以构成学生三种不同的目标结构：合作、竞争和个体化目标。其中个体化目标结构在目前素质教育过程中，具有普遍性。针对这一实例，以小学三年级学生为被试对象就个体化目标公开范围对其学习成绩的影响进行了研究，结果表明：制定个体化目标后学习成绩进步显；个体化目标公开范围不同，学习成绩进步的幅度表现出差异。     

高中生目标定向与英语学习策略、学业成绩的关系研究

选取新泰市259名高一、高二学生为被试,考察了中学生成就目标定向与英语学习策略、学业成绩间的关系。结果表明:(1)掌握目标与各种英语学习策略都呈显著正相关,成绩接近目标与认知、调控策略呈显著正相关,而成绩回避目标与认知、调控、情感策略呈显著负相关;(2)掌握目标有助于学业成绩,而成绩回避目标不利于取得良好成绩;(3)不同目标组合的学生在英语学习策略的使用和学业成绩上存在显著性差异。     

免费师范生学业目标定向对学业成绩的影响:自主学习的中介作用

以324名免费师范生为被试,通过大学生自主学习问卷及学业目标定向问卷,考察免费师范生自主学习在学业目标定向对学业成绩影响过程中的中介作用.结果表明:自主学习和学业成绩之间存在显著正相关;除政治面貌外性别、专业等人口统计学变量对自主学习没有显著的预测作用;学习目标定向、证实目标定向和回避目标定向对自主学习有显著的预测作用;自主学习在学业目标定向对学业成绩影响过程中存在完全中介作用.     

高中生能力理论、成就目标与学业成绩的关系

以城市高中高一、高二758名学生为被试,结果发现:高中生的能力理论与学习目标之间存在显著负相关,与成绩目标之间存在显著正相关,与学业成绩之间存在显著负相关;高中生的成绩目标与学业成绩之间不存在显著相关,学习目标与学业成绩之间存在显著正相关;高中生的能力理论可以直接影响学业成绩,还可以通过学习目标间接地影响学业成绩。     

初三学生成就目标定向与课堂目标结构的实证研究

本文以208名初中三年级学生为被试,采用问卷调查法,在成就目标四分结构观理论体系的基础上,揭示课堂目标结构与个人成就目标定向的关系,进而研究它们对自我效能感及学业成绩的影响。结果表明：课堂目标结构对个人成就目标定向有显著影响;不同的目标定向对自我效能感和学业成绩的预测作用不同。     

初中生自尊、自我效能与学业成绩的关系研究

本文采用问卷调查法,探讨初中生自尊、自我效能与学业成绩的关系.研究结果表明:(1)初中生在多元特质自尊量表和一般自我效能感量表上的得分与其学业成绩都达到了显著正相关;(2)取样初中生在多元特质自尊量表及其部分维度的得分呈现出显著的性别差异和年级差异,取样初中生在一般自我效能感量表及学业成绩上的表现呈现出显著的年级差异;(3)不同学业等级初中生的自尊和自我效能感呈现出显著差异;(4)个体的能力与独立性是学生学业成绩的重要预测变量.     

基于期望价值理论的动机相关性因素实证研究

动机是决定成就最根本的内在因素。根据期望价值理论,从态度和信心两个方面来考察动机,通过研究在校高职学生的英语学业成就,发现:(1)信心,态度、学业成绩均存在性别差异,女生显著好于男生,因而动机强于男生;(2)学业成绩与动机呈正相关,因而女生学业成绩进步快于男生;(3)在诸多影响英语学业成绩的因素中,影响最大的是信心和态度;(4)课堂教学对学生的动机没有实质性影响;研究数据证实期望价值理论对动机的描述符合实际。     

教学法与学生认知方式对生物学业成绩的影响

以高二理科班学生为被试，研究信息转换教学法、常规教学法对不同认知方式被试的生物学业成绩的影响．结果表明：(1)从整体上看，场独立的学生在两种教学法的条件下，学业成绩均优于场依存的学生；(2)使用信息转换教学法的班级，不同认知方式的学生的生物成绩均高于使用常规教学法的班级，场依存的学生的学业成绩差异极显著．     

高中生学业压力与学业成绩的关系:心理韧性的调节作用

为了探讨高中生学业压力、心理韧性与学业成绩的关系,采用青少年心理韧性量表和学业压力量表对757名高中生进行问卷调查。研究发现:(1)高中生学业压力与学业成绩呈显著负相关,并负向预测学业成绩;(2)目标专注、家庭支持、人际协助与学业成绩显著正相关;(3)个人力在学业压力与学业成绩的关系中起调节作用。学业压力负向预测学业成绩,个人力在学业压力与学业成绩的关系中起调节作用。     

观看武器图片对青少年攻击性认知的影响

以73名高中生为被试,采用武器图片和植物图片作为启动刺激,以攻击词汇和非攻击词汇作为目标词汇,采用语义分类任务,研究武器图片对青少年攻击性认知的影响。结果发现:(1)观看武器图片启动了高中生的攻击性认知;(2)武器图片对男生攻击性认知的启动有显著影响,但对女生攻击性认知的启动没有显著影响;(3)武器图片对中等攻击水平被试攻击性认知的启动有显著影响,但对高攻击水平被试和低攻击水平被试的攻击性认知启动没有显著影响。     

Curriculum-based measurement and two models of follow-up consultation

This investigation focused on the effects of two independent variables: (a) teacher-developed goals and monitoring systems versus a curriculum-based measurement (CBM) goal and monitoring system; and (b) individual expert versus group follow-up consultation. The dependent data were academic achievement measures. Subjects were 55 special education, elementary school students with mild and moderate disabilities randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: A, teacher-developed goal and progress monitoring with individual expert follow-up consultation; B, CBM goal and progress monitoring with individual expert follow-up consultation; C, teacher-developed goal and progress monitoring with group follow-up consultation; and D, CBM goal and progress monitoring with group follow-up consultation. Results showed that groups employing CBM and group consultation generally out-performed the other groups. Implications included expanded use of CBM goals and progress monitoring and continued study of collaboration as a method of CBM program implementation.     

Brokering educational opportunity for homeless students and their families

This qualitative study in a Midwestern US city examines how school and community-based organizations support homeless students’ connections to education-related resources and relationships. Drawing from organizational brokerage theory, which delineates how individuals’ chances to thrive are shaped by the organizations in which they participate, the study finds that brokerage practice unfolds and is affected by variables at three specific levels. First, social workers, teachers, and principals at the individual school level arranged for registration, enrollment, and other immediate connections for students. Second, school district-level actors played key roles in orchestrating homeless students’ transportation and educators’ professional development across the city. Third, a range of neighborhood factors – including immigration and housing trends – affected the ways and extents to which organizations identified and supported homeless students. The study concludes by presenting several implications for research and practice.     

Motivational influences on school‐prompted interest

Some argue that the goal of education is to influence out‐of‐school learning activity, yet little research exists on how teachers can help students develop an interest in a topic and continue to pursue that interest outside of school. The current study tested classroom context variables from self‐determination theory (teachers’ autonomy support) and from achievement goal theory (teachers’ mastery goals) that may predict students’ school‐prompted interest above and beyond students’ mastery goals and self‐efficacy. Survey data were collected from 178 high school students in 15 mathematics classes. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that students’ perceptions of a teacher who focuses on mastery goals account for little variance above and beyond students’ own motivation, whereas perceived teachers’ autonomy support emerged as a significant predictor. While the results are correlational and do not support causal claims, they suggest that teachers who support student autonomy might foster school‐prompted interest.     

Kadimah: The Pursuit of Scholastic Excellence and Religious Commitment

This study uses phenomenological analysis to examine the perceptions of students attending a supplementary Hebrew school in a New England suburb. These students have ambivalent feelings about being Jewish. They equate being Jewish with being different, and they believe being Jewish has only a minor effect on their lives. They perceive the goals of Hebrew school on three levels: 1) The immediate level of learning prayers, learning about their religion, and learning Hebrew; 2) The long term goal of Bar/Bat Mitzvah; and 3) The ultimate goal of transmitting Jewish traditions to future generations. Their perceptions about Hebrew school differ markedly and range from boring to fun. Positive aspects of Hebrew school mentioned by all students include socializing and informality of classes. A negative aspect was the inconvenience of the Hebrew school schedule. Implications drawn from this study are that the Hebrew school ought to strive to maintain practical goals and a flexible curriculum, classroom environment, and school schedule.     

Performance,Perseverance, and the Full Picture of College Readiness

Although college readiness is a centerpiece of major educational initiatives such as the Common Core State Standards, few systems have been implemented to track children's progress toward this goal. Instead, college‐readiness information is typically conveyed late in a student's high‐school career, and tends to focus solely on academic accomplishments—grades and admissions test scores. Late‐stage feedback can be problematic for students who need to correct course, so the purpose of this research is to develop a system for communicating more comprehensive college‐readiness diagnoses earlier in a child's K‐12 career. This article introduces college‐readiness indicators for middle‐school students, drawing on the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS), a nationally representative longitudinal survey of educational inputs, contexts, and outcomes. A diversity of middle‐school variables was synthesized into six factors: achievement, behavior, motivation, social engagement, family circumstances, and school characteristics. Middle‐school factors explain 69% of the variance in college readiness, and results suggest a variety of factors beyond academic achievement—most notably motivation and behavior—contribute substantially to preparedness for postsecondary study. The article concludes with limitations and future directions, including the development of college‐readiness categories to support straightforward communication of middle‐school indicators to parents, teachers, and students.     

Self‐efficacy,goal orientation,and fear of failure as predictors of school engagement in high school students

Lack of school engagement among adolescents in this country remains a problem that can have very serious consequences including increased risk for school dropout, substance use, teenage pregnancy, and criminal activity. Clearly, identification of psychological variables (self‐variables) of individuals that facilitate or hinder adolescents' levels of school engagement would contribute greatly to the understanding of how to increase adolescents' psychological well‐being and their achievement motivation and associated school engagement. The present study examined the degree of association of three specific self‐variables (self‐efficacy, goal orientation, and fear of failure) with school engagement for high school students. The results and implications for intervention and future research are addressed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 417–427, 2003.     

Cooperative,competitive, and individualistic science laboratory interaction patterns—effects on students' achievement and acquisition of practical skills

Using 1025 junior secondary class three (ninth grade) students and twelve science teachers, this study investigated the effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic science laboratory interaction patterns on students' achievement in science and the level of acquisition of practical skills. A 3 × 3 (interaction pattern by ability) factorial model was employed for data gathering. Significant main and interaction effects were found for both dependent measures. The cooperative group was found to be superior on the achievement measure with no difference between the competitive and individualistic groups. The competitive group, however, outperformed the others in practical skills. Additional data indicated that the mixed ability cooperative group did significantly better than the mixed ability competitive group in achievement but not in practical skills. In sum these data are supportive of the differential effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on cognitive and psychomotor tasks. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for more productive science laboratory work.     

数学教学中的"三补"教学法

针对中学数学教学中普遍存在的难题:随着年级的升高学生数学成绩两极分化极其严重.采用"三补"教学法进行难点转化.     

Goal Orientation and its Impact on Student Affect: Some Findings from a Singapore Sample

The effect of goal structure on motivation and achievement has been well documented in studies conducted amongst children in the west. The present study provides findings from older students aged (12 to 19) belonging to a multi-cultural Asian society. Students (N=1573) responded to a questionnaire designed to identify and evaluate psychological states; results showed that students in this sample expressed affect similar to that experienced by western counterparts given the same reward structure. In the context of this study it is largely competitive; hardly a classroom in Singapore is structured along the lines of a noncompetitive, individualistic model.     

The role of goal orientations and goal structures in explaining classroom social and affective characteristics

Examining motivational variables may prove to be particularly fruitful towards our understanding of classroom processes, student behaviors and school outcomes. The present study examined the role of personal and contextual goals (goals and goal structures) towards explaining social relationships (peer, teacher–student and home–school). 1493 fifth and sixth grade primary school students (10 to 12 years of age) from different areas of Greece formed a representative sample. Questionnaires were administered assessing students' goal orientations, goal structures and classroom relationships. The data were analyzed using latent variable modeling. Mastery goal structures had significant effects on positive school relationships such as student relations, teacher–student relations, peer inclusion, and peer conflict (the latter two reversely coded). Performance goal structures exerted negative or null effects on the same processes, demonstrating their negative propensities. In addition, the effects of mastery goal structures were partially mediated by the effects of personal mastery goals with regard to teacher–student relations with the former exerting both direct and indirect effects. On the contrary, the negative effects of performance goal structures were not buffered by the presence of high levels of personal performance goals. The findings have significant implications for educational practice in terms of the importance of classroom contexts as predictors of classroom relatedness specifically where mastery goals are concerned.