新课程要求下的教学激励策略

新课程要求,教学中必须充分尊重学生的主体地位,发挥学生的积极性和主动性,因此,必须对学生进行科学有效的鼓励.教学激励的基本策略有:目标激励、情感激励、榜样激励、奖励-惩罚激励、合作-竞争激励、反馈-评价激励.通过激励,使学生形成持续的学习动力,最大限度地提高教学的效率与质量.     

In-service teacher training for agricultural education in the Netherlands: From supply to demand

This article reports the results of research on in-service teacher training in agricultural education in the Netherlands. Seven agricultural education centres (in Dutch: AOCs) and six institutes which are involved in in-service teacher training participated in this research. The data were collected by way of structured open interviews with persons (N = 16) responsible for the in-service policy of their organization. The Dutch government has changed the rules concerning in-service teacher training. The in-service budget has been transferred from in-service training institutes to schools. Accordingly, a new situation has arisen, for both schools and in-service training institutes. Schools will have to show a more active in-service policy than before; in-service training institutes can no longer offer schools in-service training activities which they deem necessary. More than in the past these institutes have to meet the in-service training needs of schools. In literature this is called a shift from a supplied to a demanded in-service training organization. This research has been carried out in order to gain insight into the way the institutes involved will organize their in-service policy in the near future, and, as a result, to give recommendations to help these institutes to make these policies. At this moment it appears that agricultural education in the Netherlands lacks certain fundamental conditions in order to achieve professional growth of teachers.     

School choice: The issues and the options

Conclusion I would like to close with a plea for more research on the effects of competition and choice on the functioning of the education system. Despite the large proportion of national budgets devoted to education, the issue is only very rarely addressed. One important exception to this rule is Hoxby (1994). This paper uses instrumental variable econometric techniques to determine the independent effect of the existence of choice among public schools on per-pupil expenditure, educational productivity, average student performance, student educational attainment and post-graduation wages.Hoxby found strong evidence that increased parental choice availability led to improvement on each of these measures of educational performance. Hoxby also found that the existence of choice among public schools leads to more mixing of students by social class, race and ethnicity. This mixing, she found, did not hurt the scholastic performance of any group, but improved the performance of several groups, including white non-Hispanic males, and students of parents with at least a high school degree.Original language: EnglishHe has jointly authoredDemocracy and market: participation, accountability and efficiency (with Samuel Bowles and Bo Gustafsson, 1993). He is editor ofMacroeconomic policy after the conservative era: studies in investment, savings and finance (1995) and has written numerous journal articles. He is currently co-chair with Paul Romer of the MacArthur Foundation research project on The human side of economic analysis: economic environments and the evolution of norms and preferences.     

Participation in job-related training in European countries: the impact of skill supply and demand characteristics

Ageing populations and accelerating economic change make it increasingly important to update the skill levels of populations over the whole life course. Adult education is believed to allow adults’ skills to adapt continuously to constantly changing economic requirements. Both research into adult education, and discussions on lifelong learning policies have been dominated by a supply side view of the labour market (the human capital approach), which has tended to underplay the role of the demand side of the labour market. This paper aims to extend previous analyses by examining how both labour supply and demand characteristics influence participation in non-formal job-related education in countries with different skill formation systems. The paper emphasises skill use at work. The purpose is to understand better the relationship between participation in adult education and workers’ skills profiles as well as the extent to which those skills are used in jobs and how this relationship differs in different countries. We used data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies and applied logistic regression analysis.     

从货币供求角度评析我国货币政策的效果

近年来我国经济发展所面临的内外形势发生了重大变化，货币政策也随着由从紧向适度扩张转变，但其扩张效果并不明显。试从货币供求角度对此加以分析，希望对我国今后货币走向有所启示。     

Reasons of students and apprentices to choose a training company in the dual system

This article sheds light on an understudied aspect of the transition from school to work: the choice of a training company. It presents findings from qualitative interviews with 69 secondary school students and apprentices from the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg, focusing on their reasons to choose a training company in the dual system. What reasons lead students and apprentices to choose a training company? The most common reason is personal impressions, which future apprentices obtain in their initial, personal encounters with a company and its staff. Students and apprentices often consider location, working atmosphere and soundness. Due to this study’s regional scope, its findings may not be fully generalisable on a national or international level. However, its findings may instigate further research in countries where people pursuing certain types of apprenticeship training have to apply to companies (e.g. Great Britain, Switzerland and Australia).     

Planning for the supply and demand of qualified teachers in Uganda

Uganda, like other African countries, opted after independence for a quantitative expansion of formal education, to speed its modernization and development. The increase in school enrolment has been losing the battle against population growth, and accurate planning to meet the demand for trained school teachers is essential if universal primary education is to be achieved. This study examines the current output of teachers from training establishments, the actual supply of qualified teachers, and the numbers required to meet norms of class size. It is found that there are shortfalls in the numbers of trained staff available at all levels of the formal system, the primary sector being the worst affected: only 33,493 trained teachers are employed while 62,634 are needed. The deficit is met by the use of untrained staff and a rise in the pupil-teacher ratio. Output from teacher training colleges is insufficient, students who enrol do not complete their courses, and there is a wasteful level of attrition after qualification. The diversification of courses, the introduction of crash training courses, and the professionalization of teaching are suggested as partial solutions.     

实验显微外科技术培训课程的设计与体会

为适应现代医学外科学的发展,普及实验显微外科技术,推动区域协同发展,四川大学华西临床医学院临床技能实验教学中心针对区域内主治医师及以上级别的专科医生开展了实验显微外科技术培训。课程设计综合了学员层次、教学资源、时间、教学目的等因素,采用分层次、集中、短学制、结合临床的教学模式,取得了良好的培训效果。     

关于当前劳动力市场供求状况的分析

目前，我国劳动力市场出现了一种新的现象，在东部沿海经济发达地区不时出现“招工难”的现象。与此同时，全国城镇需要就业的人数居高不下，农村富余劳动力仍在增加，如何科学分析这种现象？劳动保障部在今年年初组织开展了“农村外出务工人员就业情况调查”和“企业春季用工需求调查”，并结合全国120个公共就业服务机构登记的职业供求信息。对目前劳动力市场的供求状况进行了研究分析。     

深化民族地区教师新课程培训的思路与问题探索

本文以新课程培训为切入点,就少数民族地区教师的特点,分析教师对教师教育培训的需求,从教师培训的针对性、实效性、持续性出发,提出"互动、参与、反思"为主要特点的培训思路,剖析培训存在问题,为民族地区开展有效的教师培训提供决策分析与参考.     

高等教育人才供给与社会需求

高等学校招生规模的扩大一方面直接廷缓了高中毕业生的就业,另一方面不能立即进入劳动力市场的高校毕业生也在逐年递增.社会上存在没有满足的高等教育有效需求,而一些岗位相对达到饱和.高等教育在现有规模进一步扩大的同时,应充分考虑实际社会需求对高校毕业生的要求,以期能最大限度地减少大学毕业生就业难问题.     

The dynamics of supply and demand chain of English-medium schools in Bangladesh

This research concerns English-medium schools (EMSs), which are emerging as a popular new educational sector in Bangladesh. Because these schools have gained immense popularity, we seek to identify how these schools respond to parental demand and retain their clientele. In addition to English language demand, our findings reveal a symmetrical relationship between the supply of EMSs and parental demand. EMSs’ strategic business planning and market forces, which emphasise deficiencies in the supply chain of Bangla-medium schools (BMSs), have motivated parents to send their children to EMSs. We conclude that although English-medium education is a high-cost educational alternative, its introduction as a new educational initiative is based on its transnational quality and acceptance.     

A framework for the analysis of teachers' demand and supply

This article develops a general framework for the analysis of education finance reforms. Most of the recent literature concentrates o on the demands and ignores the costs of educational services. Proposed reforms that account for different costs assume that the supply of all educational inputs are infinitely price elastic. The article presents a model for the supply of different types of teachers and an optimization model of the school district which maximizes a general welfare function subject to production function and budget constraints. Derived demand equations are obtained under the assumptions of (1) perfect competition, (2) monopsony, and (3) monopsony plus endogenous property tax rates. The equations are simplified and estimated using data from Pennsylvania school districts. A major policy implication for school finance reform is that present schemes for state equalization aid may be fundamentally flawed because they do not properly account for the effects of demand shifts (with upward sloping supply curves) on education input prices.     

2005年第一季度部分城市劳动力市场供求状况分析

一、概况 2005年第一季度,全国104个城市[1]报送了本市劳动力市场职业供求状况信息.这104个城市分布在全国各大区域,拥有市区人口1.57亿人,占全国地级以上城市市区人口的60.3%;拥有市区从业人员(含城镇个体劳动者)5 646万人,约占全国地级以上城市市区从业人员的64.9%.     

2004年第一季度部分城市劳动力市场供求状况分析

一、概况 2004年第一季度,全国104个城市报送了本市劳动力市场职业供求状况信息.这104个城市分布在全国各大区域,拥有市区人口1.44亿人,占全国地级以上城市市区人口的57%;拥有市区从业人员(含城镇个体劳动者)6 268万人,约占全国地级以上城市市区从业人员的64%.     

2006年二季度部分城市劳动力市场职业供求状况

2006年第二季度，有关部门对全国99个城市的劳动力市场职业供求状况信息进行了统计分析。这99个城市分布在全国各大区域，拥有市区人口1．47亿人，占全国地级以上城市市区人口的56．4％；拥有市区从业人员（含城镇个体劳动者）5126万人，约占全国地级以上城市市区从业人员的58．9％。99个城市中，用人单位通过劳动力市场招聘各类人员约373．3万人，进入劳动力市场的求职者约386．8万人，求人倍率约为0．96。全国99个城市劳动力市场职业供求信息主要表现出以下几方面特征：