一个国家的悲剧,一个国家的挑战——美国部落学院的兴起与发展研究

美国印第安人在经历了种族清洗和同化政策的实施后,民族自决意识不断上升。20世纪60年代,联邦印第安人政策发生了改变,立法部门积极介入,印第安人多次发起争取民族自决的示威运动,这些因素共同促成了美国原住民高等教育的独特形式——部落学院的诞生。历经40余年,部落学院在规模、师资、课程、生源、经费等方面都有了较大的发展变化,但也面临着课程设置的民族性偏弱、学院的社会声誉欠佳、学生的文化生存困境和生源结构改变等问题。从部落学院目前的发展态势来看,未来它将继续促进印第安人语言和文化的保护和研究、更加注重印第安学生独立自强精神的培养、开发更加丰富的教育项目、提供多元化的课程与教学方式。     

美国社区学院功能辨析

作为美国高等教育的重要组成部分,社区学院对于扩大高等教育入学机会、促进美国高等教育大众化、提高美国高等教育质量、完善美国高等教育体制有着积极的意义,但其自身在教育质量、社会功能等方面也面临诸多诟病.对此,应辩证地看待美国社区学院的积极作用和历史局限性.     

殖民地时期美国高等教育的形成与发展

美国高等教育起源于殖民地时代的学院。研究这一时期的美国高等教育有助于更加深入地理解美国高等教育体系形成的原因。结合殖民地时期美国高等教育发展的具体社会环境,从殖民地学院创建的动因、管理模式、经费筹措等方面,探讨美国高等教育有别于欧洲传统大学的形成原因有重要现实意义。     

中美高职教育的比较及启示

文章从美国社区学院对于美国高等教育的重要性出发,在中美两国不同的教育环境下,分析比较了美国社区学院和我国高职院校在所发挥的职能,学制体系,课程设置三方面的不同,同时,通过对美国社区学院这三方面的研究,提出对我国高职教育的启示和借鉴。     

美国社区学院的发展历程及其职能变迁

作为高等教育的伟大创举,美国社区学院虽然只有100多年的发展历史,但无论在提供平等的受教育机会方面,还是在经济文化发展方面都做出了突出的贡献。本文主要对美国社区学院的发展历程进行了详细梳理,将其界定为高中扩张、初级学院、社区学院和综合发展四个时期,并同时对每一时期内社区学院的职能进行了分析,以期对我国高等教育尤其是高等职业专科教育的发展提供借鉴。     

美国赠地学院创立的当地经济因素浅析

赠地学院的创立是美国高等教育发展的一个重要里程碑,对美国高等教育的发展产生了重要的影响。本文从赠地学院创立的历史背景说起,分析了它创立的经济方面的内在原因,从三个方面讲述它是如何为当地经济和社会服务。文章最后指出了赠地学院对美国当地经济的促进作用给我国高等教育发展的启示。     

美国社区学院的发展历程与启示

美国社区学院的发展起源于19世纪末的初级学院运动,迄今已有百年历史。在这一个世纪的发展过程中,社区学院显示出强大的生命力。两年制初级学院和社区学院的创建,使美国的高等教育发生了深刻的变化,它完善了美国高等教育的层次结构,实践着教育民主的思想,推动了美国高等教育大众化的进程。深入考察美国高等教育这一特别的办学形式,对目前我国正在进行的高等教育改革将有一定借鉴作用。     

呼伦贝尔民族高等教育发展历程浅析

呼伦贝尔地区民族高等教育经历了近百年的探索和实践，经过一代又一代师生的共同努力和社会各方面的支持，形成了以呼伦贝尔学院为代表的种类齐全的民族高等教育新格局。面对新形势和新任务的要求，呼伦贝尔地区民族高等教育应在找准办学定位、凸显办学特色、加大对民族教育的支持和投入、抓住职业教育不放和思考新的组合等方面做好相应的工作。     

美国部落学院使命宣言的演进——以迪内学院(Diné College)为例

迪内学院(Diné College,前身是Navajo Community College)作为美国第一所部落自治学院,是美国规模最大、影响力最广的部落学院,它的成就离不开使命宣言的逐步发展与完善。使命宣言作为富有生命力的目标系统,起着决定性的引导作用。迪内学院使命宣言发展历经了探索、适应、不断革新的过程。以历史的视角分析1968—2016年之间迪内学院使命宣言的演进过程,以期了解使命宣言对迪内学院的发展产生的影响。     

对美国社区学院的初步研究(续)

三、社区学院所起的作用美国的一些教育家对社区学院的评价是很高的,认为它是“美国高等教育中最有生气的力量”,“走出了又一条发展高等教育的新途径”,成为“美国高等教育在20世纪中最有意义的发展”。这主要表现在以下几个方面: 第一,第二次世界大战结束后的40多年中,美国高等教育的大发展,主要是通过大办社区学院而得以实现的。据统计,1946年,全国二年制公、私立初级学院的在校生仅156456人,占当时美国各类大学生总数的7.5％。而到1988年,美国共有公立大学1533所,在校学历生共972.6万人。其中,四年制普通大学     

Writing to learn ecology: a study of three populations of college students

Being an ecologically literate citizen involves making decisions that are based on ecological knowledge and accepting responsibility for personal actions. Using writing-to-learn activities in college science courses, we asked students to consider personal dilemmas that they or others might have in response to how human choices can impact coastal dead zones around the world. We explored how undergraduate students (42 biology and 47 elementary education majors at a 4-year college and eight Native studies majors at a tribal college in the United States) identified their ecological dilemmas after reading about aquatic hypoxia. About 30% of the 4-year college students’s essays demonstrated a more ecologically literate understanding of hypoxia by the end of the study. The tribal college students improved their ecological literacy by 50%, albeit with a small sample size. Biology majors made more human-centered comments than the education majors. The Native American students often discussed trade-offs between quality of life and ecological consequences, and were classified as both human-centered and ecosystem-centered.     

Centering indigenous college student voices and perspectives through photovoice and photo-elicitation

Using arts-based inquiry and drawing on photovoice, photo-elicitation and visual narrative, in this study we explore how Native American college students experience space and place at the University of New Mexico, a large, research-extensive university in the Southwestern United States. The objective of this study is to more clearly understand how Native American students view their educational environment. Student perspectives will be framed through an artistic inquiry coming directly from the students and their interpretations of space, place, and community. This study is designed to ultimately inform the institution, local tribal communities, and the existing body of research on how participants viewed their college-going experience in relation to space and place, and how we might more adequately serve Native American college students. Initial findings indicate the critical importance of cultural centers, houses, and designated cultural spaces for Native American students, as indicated in the literature. Though Native students may experience struggles and successes similar to other student groups within the context of higher education, it is critical that student affairs professionals, administrators, faculty, and other educational leaders acknowledge how discourses of colonialism and genocide inform higher educational spaces, as well as the experience of Native American college students.     

Gifted native American students: Underperforming,under‐identified,and overlooked

There has been limited focus among researchers on the nature and needs of gifted Native American students in the past 30 years, and the work that has been done frequently generalizes findings across Native American cultures. This article reviews recent literature on Native American youth and on gifted Native American students; examines the current condition of education in the Diné (Navajo) Nation through a sociocultural motivation lens and based on work with one tribal community on this reservation; calls researchers and educators to action and to recognize that, as with all ethnic groups, many individual cultures exist within Native American populations; and offers suggestions for education personnel. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Native American Mascots in Contemporary Higher Education: Part 1: Politically Acceptable or Ethnically Objectionable?

The battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876 was one of the last great wars fought by Native Americans on a grassy battlefield. The battle was fought over territory and the right to live in the Dakota and Montana territories. The Native Americans won the battle of Little Big Horn but eventually lost the war and were forced to live on a reservation away from their homeland. Today another great battle involving Native Americans is taking place, not on a grassy plain somewhere out West, but in courtrooms, classrooms, and tribal meetings across the country. The battle is over the use of historical Native American images and traditions as mascots and nicknames of higher education institutions. The research reported in this paper identified seven institutions of higher learning (not a complete list) which have abolished the use of Native American mascots on their campuses. Although these seven schools do not include a community college, much food for thought is presented for the benefit of community college educators who respect the thoughts and feelings of Native American Indians. The need is for this study to be replicated among community colleges with Native American mascots.     

美国高校的多元文化教育

本文从分析多元文化教育理论入手,从社会历史背景、高等教育大众化的影响以及大学生群体的变化三个方面剖析了美国高校多元文化教育产生的背景,并且进一步论述了多元文化教育课程设计的原则和目标以及对老师的要求。随着各个族裔移民的不断增加,他们必将进一步促进美国文化的多样化发展。同时,美国大学中的多元文化教育也将会得到进一步地完善。     

Lessons Our BSW Students Taught Us About Teaching Social Work in a Reservation Community

ABSTRACT

American Indians and Alaska Natives are underrepresented as social work students, social work educators, and within the profession in general. In addition, many historical and socioeconomic factors have contributed to disproportionality in higher education attainment between these students and those within other ethnic groups. Compounding the challenges, many students in reservation communities lack access to programs that provide social work degrees. Faculty based in a small university in the upper Midwest delivered a BSW program to students in a tribal community over a 3-year period and share pedagogical lessons learned from their students and the literature.     

美国社区学院授予学士学位现象分析

美国社区学院作为其高等教育体系中极具特色的教育形态,在高等教育大众化、普及化的历史进程中发挥了重要作用.社区学院是以转学教育和职业教育为主,其授予的学位以副学士学位为主.随着经济和科技的迅速发展,美国当代社会对高层次、高学历人才的需求不断加大.美国部分社区学院开始在其校内通过各种方式实施学士学位课程并授予学士学位,此举在改善和提升社区学院的学术质量、自身形象和地位上初见成效,为社区学院的未来发展探索出了一条新路.     

Interaction between Community College Processes and Asian American and Pacific Islander Subgroups

This paper examines two topics understudied in higher education: the within group diversity of ethnic subgroups subsumed by the label Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) and minority-serving institutions. Using structural equation modeling, this paper examines the college pathways of community college students in Hawai‘i through the experience of Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Hawai‘ian and White students with the intention of understanding their college-learning processes. Analysis of interaction terms in structural equation models reveals race has a moderating effect on students' college experience views. The results from structural equation modeling also show some differences in main effects and total effects due to the inclusion of several interaction terms and the relaxing of the nonrecursive assumption.     

美国高招制度特点及其对中国的启示

高校招生考试制度改革历来是各国高等教育领域的共同话题。美国是世界上经济发达的国家,也是高等教育发达的国家,美国高校的招生考试制度有其自身的特色。本文通过对美国高招制度特点展开研究,并选取美国三所名校为个案,旨在为我国高校招生考试制度的完善提供一些启示。     

构建民族高等院校公共音乐教育课程

民族高等院校开设公共音乐艺术教育课程,这对提高当代少数民族大学生音乐素质、帮助学生了解中华民族多元文化、培养大学生健康乐观的精神面貌及活跃大学校园文化生活。具有十分重要的现实意义。民族高等院校公共音乐艺术课程的构建,需在教学实践过程中大胆尝试和摸索,对课程的设置、课程的内容及教育目标等要有针对性。