知识图谱研究进展

随着大数据时代的到来,知识工程受到了广泛关注,如何从海量的数据中提取有用的知识,是大数据分析的关键。知识图谱技术提供了一种从海量文本和图像中抽取结构化知识的手段,从而具有广阔的应用前景。本文首先简要回顾知识图谱的历史,探讨知识图谱研究的意义。其次,介绍知识图谱构建的关键技术,包括实体关系识别技术、知识融合技术、实体链接技术和知识推理技术等。然后,给出现有开放的知识图谱数据集的介绍。最后,给出知识图谱在情报分析中的应用案例。     

Multilingual Information Retrieval Using Machine Translation, Relevance Feedback and Decompounding

Multilingual retrieval (querying of multiple document collections each in a different language) can be achieved by combining several individual techniques which enhance retrieval: machine translation to cross the language barrier, relevance feedback to add words to the initial query, decompounding for languages with complex term structure, and data fusion to combine monolingual retrieval results from different languages. Using the CLEF 2001 and CLEF 2002 topics and document collections, this paper evaluates these techniques within the context of a monolingual document ranking formula based upon logistic regression. Each individual technique yields improved performance over runs which do not utilize that technique. Moreover the techniques are complementary, in that combining the best techniques outperforms individual technique performance. An approximate but fast document translation using bilingual wordlists created from machine translation systems is presented and evaluated. The fast document translation is as effective as query translation in multilingual retrieval. Furthermore, when fast document translation is combined with query translation in multilingual retrieval, the performance is significantly better than that of query translation or fast document translation.     

Active Learning and Teaching:

In recent years there has been a trend toward greater student involvement in the higher education community. Active learning techniques hold great promise for getting students involved and inceasing their learning outcomes. Critical to the process are the higher order processes of analysis, synthesis and evaluation, the sharing of responsibility for learning with students, and attention to the processes of learning. These techniques have potential to address the needs of an ever-increasing diversity in our student population, as well as the affective domain of attitudes and feelings. Although there are risks to active teaching, it is argued that for library instruction, it is appropriate. Several techniques are described.     

Monolingual Document Retrieval for European Languages

Recent years have witnessed considerable advances in information retrieval for European languages other than English. We give an overview of commonly used techniques and we analyze them with respect to their impact on retrieval effectiveness. The techniques considered range from linguistically motivated techniques, such as morphological normalization and compound splitting, to knowledge-free approaches, such as n-gram indexing. Evaluations are carried out against data from the CLEF campaign, covering eight European languages. Our results show that for many of these languages a modicum of linguistic techniques may lead to improvements in retrieval effectiveness, as can the use of language independent techniques.     

万维网信息检索系统开发技术

当前搜索引擎技术有很大的局限性 ,本文首先分析了当前搜索引擎的若干缺陷 ,然后深入探讨在检索服务器端的若干处理技术 ,包括了Robot技术、索引技术、数据库技术、检索技术和相关度排序技术 ,同时还介绍了智能浏览器和智能体等客户端技术 ;最后文中还提出了综合运用这些技术的一个万维网信息智能检索系统的原型设想     

Mid-wave Infrared Reflectography and Thermography for the Study of Ancient Books: A Review

ABSTRACT

In this paper an overview of recent applications of mid-wave infrared imaging techniques to the study of books is presented. Studies performed by thermography and mid-wave infrared reflectography are reviewed to demonstrate how they can be used to investigate the main features of books. The capability of these techniques is exploited in the analysis of structural elements of the bookbindings and writing supports as well as in the characterization of the writings and illuminations. Thermographic and reflectographic results are compared with results obtained using other imaging techniques operating in different spectral regions, thus pointing out how mid-wave infrared imaging techniques can help in examining many aspects of books. Finally, it is shown that the obtained information can also be used to evaluate the condition of the book and, when required, to properly plan conservation treatments.     

光盘资源的数据整合

目前,光盘资源构成图书馆、情报信息中心资源建设的重要组成部分。但在光盘资源的利用方面,存在使用不方便、对硬件的依赖等诸多局限,对光盘资源进行整合成为必然选择。依IE光盘数据库为例,重点分析光盘资源数据整合的技术:通过检索的方法提取光盘的数据,参照都柏林核心元素集的标准,设计通用光盘数据库的数据结构,经过一些数据处理,最终实现光盘资源的数据整合。这也为图书馆、情报信息中心实现多种类型光盘数据资源整合提供了可参考的技术方案。     

Beyond the book ‘case’

The incorporation of active learning techniques into library instruction classrooms has been a topic widely explored in the 1990s. Research confirms the success of active learning in increasing student participation as well as student learning. Case study methodology is one of many active learning techniques. “Beyond the Book ‘case’” provides an overview of case—study methodology; discusses the appropriateness of case—study methodology in the library instruction setting; and presents examples of case studies used in a library instruction course at Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky.     

The Effectiveness of Keyword Searching in the Retrieval of Musical Works on Sound Recordings

Three methods of access to musical works on sound recordings are: name-title added entries; title added entries; and contents notes, which may allow access to works through keyword indexes. The purpose of this research was to learn about the comparative effectiveness of standard OPAC retrieval techniques utilized to retrieve sound recordings of musical works. A sample of recorded musical works was searched in CLIO (Columbia Libraries Information Online). The number of musical works per sound recording, and the work's type of title were tested as influencing factors in the success of various retrieval techniques. Retrieval-set sizes, and the number of steps required to locate a target record were also measured for each of the retrieval techniques. Keyword retrieval is shown to be effective. The comparable effectiveness of keyword searching with conventional title searching appears to be dependent on the number of works contained on the recording. Keyword retrieval is not as successful as title searching when title entries are provided.     

MEDTUTOR: a microcomputer-based training program for MEDLINE

MEDTUTOR is an interactive, microcomputer-based training package designed to teach medical and health professionals, as well as librarians and information specialists, how to use MEDLINE effectively. The objective of MEDTUTOR is to provide a comprehensive package for teaching the various commands and search techniques required for utilizing the MEDLINE database through the MEDLARS system. MEDTUTOR's menu-driven design allows novice users to learn about the content and use of MEDLINE, such as author searching, text word searching, MeSH indexing, etc., at their own pace and with considerable program feedback. In addition, MEDTUTOR provides the skilled searcher with a way to reinforce or recall previously-learned search techniques without incurring online charges. MEDTUTOR may be used in place of formal training, as a precursor to or as a refresher following formal training, or for review of a particular concept. It provides inexpensive and easily accessible instruction for searching MEDLINE.     

Using apprenticeship techniques to guide constructive induction

Constructive induction is a means of improving classification accuracy in difficult domains by transforming a difficult domain into a form amenable to standard induction techniques by constructing new features. When performing constructive induction, though, a learning system faces a combinatorial explosion of potential features to construct, but only a small fraction of these will prove to be useful. The challenge lies in identifying enough of these useful constructed features to achieve sufficient accuracy while examining as little as possible of the space of potential constructed features.This paper presents how apprenticeship techniques (Mitchell et al., 1985; Hall, 1988; Wilkins, 1988; Tecuci & Kodratoff, 1990) can be used to guide the feature construction process by focusing attention on weak areas of a learned knowledge base. The method used is to run a splitting algorithm (such as CART, PLS1, or C4.5) to build a knowledge base, employ apprenticeship techniques to detect and localize knowledge base deficiencies, use this information to construct new features, and then repeat the cycle as necessary (i.e. until a desired accuracy is reached). We show how this method improves accuracy on a range of classification problems and discuss why the combination of apprenticeship as a knowledge acquisition method and constructive induction as a machine learning method overcomes key weaknesses of each of these methods used separately.     

Microscopic Analysis of Wall Painting Techniques: Laboratory Replicas and Romanesque Case Studies in Southern Switzerland

The identification of painting techniques is an important aspect of any research related to historical, artistic, and conservation issues in the field of wall paintings conservation. There are a variety of different methodological approaches that can be used to identify wall painting techniques. In this study, the application of optical (PLM) and electron (SEM-EDX) microscopy was explored as they are complementary analytical techniques commonly used for micro-stratigraphic analysis of painted surfaces. Five replicas were prepared according to the technical procedures reported in medieval historical treatises, and the pigment was applied at different time intervals in order to monitor the modifications at the interface between the ground and pictorial layer. The comparison of data from the replicas with samples from Romanesque wall paintings in churches in Southern Switzerland and Northern Lombardy (Italy) allowed for an evaluation of the reliability of the proposed methodology and for the interpretation of the painting techniques.     

对数字图书馆的版权保护技术的比较研究

随着多媒体技术和网络技术的发展和应用，对文本、图像、音频、视频等多媒体内容的保护成为迫切需要的问题。文章介绍了数字图书馆中的几种版权保护技术——信息隐藏、密码学和数字水印，包括它们的定义、特性及模型构造，最后对各种版权保护技术作了一个综合的比较研究。     

What Makes for Great Data Journalism?

This study examines the quality of winners and finalists in major national and international data journalism awards. We completed a content analysis of data projects submitted by Canadian media to three journalism associations—the Online News Association, the Global Editors Network and the Canadian Association of Journalists—as far back as the first award in this category in 2012. Our research addresses how journalists executed what could be considered excellent data journalism. Our findings point to a lack of accepted standards regarding what is considered as excellence. The quality of the projects was limited by two key factors: the use of free online options such as Google Maps that were not easily customizable; and the number of practitioners who worked on the data projects largely within traditional journalism frameworks. The most used visual elements were dynamic maps, graphs and video. With respect to interactivity, all but one of the projects contained an interactive element. The most popular interaction techniques were inspection and filtering, considered entry-level techniques in the field of information visualization. These techniques suggest a need for collaborative interdisciplinary approaches to data journalism, and further study on the implications of tools such as Google Maps on practice.     

网络出版的编辑技术初探

提出了网络编辑技术的概念，归纳出适合于因特网的网络编辑技术的5大特点。从Web出版、电子函件出版总结了网络编辑技术的发展过程和发展趋势，并对网络编辑技术所产生的编辑培养、编辑环境和技术管理等问题作了简要的分析。     

节目主持人培育的要点在哪里

本文在总结过去主持人培育经验的基础上,提出主持人培育的三个要点:一、主持理念,即明确主持人是什么人、做什么、怎么做及怎么做到。二、主持状态,即通过外形、气质、言语、动作、修饰等环节构成职业形象。三、主持技能,即恰当地主动的言谈和显示技巧。     

Writing the Collection Assessment Manual

A regular, systematic collection assessment program is essential to a well-managed collection development operation. But too often librarians lack the knowledge and skills to plan and conduct such assessments. To help librarians develop their professional competence in collection evaluation, this article rccommends a collection assessment training manual. Such a manual should provide not only the practical techniques and procedures necessary to conduct, analyze, and report the assessment activities and results, but also the broader rationale needed to develop tailor-made evaluation programs to meet a variety of assessment objectives. The article also recommends and discusses a number of collection-centered and client- centered measurement techniques that should be included in the manual as well as planning and reporting considerations and suggestions for format, etc. Developing an assessment manual requires considerable effort, but the effort is well invested when the results are better collection development decisions.     

Three dimensional image synthesis in transputers

In many applications the need to speed up three dimensional image synthesis algorithms is clear. Parallelism could be a possible way of computation time reduction that has this type of task. Our approach looks at low cost parallel systems as an alternative to hardware specific implementations (inflexible techniques and frequently unavailable). We have done research about parallelisation in Transputers of the classical techniques of three dimensional polygonal image synthesis. We have researched two principal strategies of parallel image synthesis for our architecture: image division and primitive division. We found out that image division technique, in general, is more efficient.     

谈心理学在声乐教学中的应用

在声乐教学中,教与学之间充满了心理活动的特征。在歌唱时,只有集中注意,才能保证歌者感受歌曲形象,才能深刻的 表达歌曲的思想情感。心理学在声乐教学中起着举足轻重的作用,他与声乐演唱技巧的训练同等重要,二者缺一不可。