唐代择官理念变化原因浅析

唐代前期制定的关中本位政策是人们重京官轻外任的社会基础。安史之乱彻底打破了这种以内制外的政治格局，同时也改变了人们长期形成的思维定式。随着大唐帝国的日益衰弱，京都长安也逐渐失去往日风采和吸引力。而唐后期外官待遇优厚，更加重了人们重外轻内的择官理念。     

A social skills intervention programme for kindergarten children at risk of developing behavioural problems

ABSTRACT

A programme for training social skills to a group of 6‐year‐old children was developed and evaluated. The group consisted of eight children, four boys and four girls; three of these were considered to be at risk of developing emotional and behavioural problems. The targeted skills were supporting, cooperating, establishing social contacts, participating, reducing aggression and handling conflict situations. The theoretical framework underlying the social skills intervention programme was based on cognitive‐social learning theory and scaffolding. The programme consisted of nine, 30‐35 minute, training sessions which were presented over a one and a half month period. Pretest/posttest assessment indicated that the intervention programme was effective in increasing some positive and reducing some negative behaviours. The sociometric assessment, however, showed few changes from pre‐training to posttraining.     

The study skills center

There is an alternative to failing for many students who are unable to achieve in the classroom of Washington High School. The Study Skills Center has provided instruction for these students of a level of which they can achieve through the use of programmed instruction. Each student receives an individualized educational program in nearly any subject in a laboratory which is available both during and after school. A similar program could easily be provided of any school for as little as $250.00 worth of programmed materials. What follows is a desciption of the project design, the results of four years of study in the effectiveness of programmed instruction; and the hope that other schools or districts may implement a few ideas presented herein.     

论如何在地学课程教育中培养学生的定量技能

地学课程中定量技能的培养,是当前高校地理学教学中的难点问题。由于地学基础类课程是地学专业本科生首先接触的课程,因此,可以接触基础类课程的讲授向学生引入定量化的概念和方法。本文着重探讨了如何在地理学基础类课程的讲授过程中融入定量化概念的相关问题。结论认为在学院层面设计贯穿学生各阶段的教学方案,选择学生感兴趣的问题激发学生的兴趣是需要重点关注的问题。此外,通盘考虑学生的需要、课程的内容,尽可能详细、系统地制定教学计划,有助于培养学生掌握和运用不同定量方法解决实际地理学问题。     

Alternatives to rules for knowledge-based modelling

The technology of knowledge-based systems undoubtedly offers potential for educational modelling, yet its practical impact on today's school classrooms is very limited. To an extent this is because the tools presently used in schools are mostly rule-based expert system shells, which lack usability. We developed three alternative tools, using ideas from knowledge acquisition research, and compared their effectiveness to that of an established rule-based shell. Children working with the new tools produced higher quality models and developed more positive attitudes. We relate these findings to the forms of representation provided by the new tools and present evidence that modelling increases children's representational skill. We conclude that knowledge acquisition systems and alternative forms of representation can contribute to improved forms of knowledge-based modelling.     

Alternatives to Social Promotion and Retention

Studies indicate that retention negatively impacts students’ behavior, attitude, and attendance, but it is still practiced in schools around the country. Social promotion undermines students’ futures when they fail to develop critical study and job-related skills; however, it too is still practiced in many schools throughout the United States. These practices are ruining public education as we know it, and unless we innovate and find alternative strategies to replace them, the US. K-12 education system will continue to underperform. This article posits that retention and social promotion are equally undesirable choices, and that schools can reduce the need for these either-or options by using alternative approaches. A review of the current literature and practice suggests promising alternatives to social promotion and retention. These alternatives focus on preventing the failure cycle that results in poor performance so that social promotion and retention can segue into an effective, high-performance methods of intervention.     

面向小康社会的小康教育构想

探讨小康社会和小康教育的理念以及如何实施面向小康的小康教育等问题,有助于我们把握对教育的前瞻性理解和认识。小康社会是社会各个生活领域都达到小康程度的社会,因此在小康社会实施异化人和压抑人的教育不是小康教育,而健康人和解放人的教育才是面向小康社会的小康教育。     

Alternatives to Multilevel Modeling for the Analysis of Clustered Data

Multilevel modeling has grown in use over the years as a way to deal with the nonindependent nature of observations found in clustered data. However, other alternatives to multilevel modeling are available that can account for observations nested within clusters, including the use of Taylor series linearization for variance estimation, the design effect adjusted standard errors approach, and fixed effects modeling. Using 1,000 replications of 12 conditions with varied Level 1 and Level 2 sample sizes, the author compared parameter estimates, standard errors, and statistical significance using various alternative procedures. Results indicate that several acceptable procedures can be used in lieu of or together with multilevel modeling, depending on the type of research question asked and the number of clusters under investigation. Guidelines for applied researchers are discussed.     

强化概念教学促进思维发展

本文通过几个方面论述了强化概念教学,促进思维发展的重要性。一是能抓住概念本质属性,突破抽象关;二是从运动变化的观点掌握概念;三是明确概念问的对立统一关系;四是具体性与抽象性的统一。     

英语专业现用语法教材分析与建议

目前我们所使用的英语语法教材存在的问题是缺乏前瞻性、实用性和交际性。     

针对广告英语的翻译技巧研究

广告在人们日常生活中会经常出现,随着社会经济的快速发展,如今广告在人们生活中的位置是不可替代的。广告英语是由商业推销以及语言艺术合理结合而成的。随着人们对广告的重视度,广告英语翻译工作在社会生活中的影响了和地位也逐渐显露出来。在对广告英语进行翻译时要充分了解到产品的销售人群以及文化背景和翻译技巧等方面的因素,文章重点对广告英语翻译的基础和翻译技巧做出了深入的探讨和分析。     

Reading and study skills and the distance learner

This article draws on the extensive research and literature available on reading and study skills in North America. The scope of the topic means little recognition is given to recent northern European research. Nevertheless the article gives a profile of the field, — fundamental to correspondence education — and describes the ‘state of the art’ and its relevance to distance education.     

关于钢琴演奏技巧的应用与研究

本文论述了在钢琴演奏当中,演奏者如何通过提升自己的演奏技巧来提升自己的演奏水平,在现代钢琴演奏当中演奏技巧对于演奏者演奏出好的乐曲有哪些好处,通过哪些途径可以提升自己的演奏技巧。     

对亚里士多德公正概念的现代解读

亚里士多德伦理学体系的建构是对他整个思想体系的极大充实,在其著作《尼各马可伦理学》中,他构建了一个德性的体系,公正作为最重要的德性之一得到了重点论述,我们所要做的即是从中获取在现代社会中继续前进的光芒。     

Beyond phonological skills: broader language skills contribute to the development of reading

This paper reports a study that followed the development of reading skills in 72 children from the age of 8.5 to 13 years. Each child was administered tests of reading, oral language, phonological skills and nonverbal ability at time 1 and their performance on tests of reading comprehension, word recognition, nonword decoding and exception word reading was assessed at time 2. In addition to phonological skills, three measures of non‐phonological oral language tapping vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension were unique concurrent predictors of both reading comprehension and word recognition at time 1. Importantly, all three measures of oral language skill also contributed unique variance to individual differences in reading comprehension, word recognition and exception word reading four and a half years later, even when the autoregressive effects of early reading skill were controlled. Moreover, the extent to which a child's word recognition departed from the level predicted from their decoding ability correlated with their oral language skills. These findings suggest that children's oral language proficiency, as well as their phonological skills, influences the course of reading development.