Outdoor play in early childhood education settings: Is it safe and healthy for children?

Outdoor play is an important and integral part of a high-quality early childhood education curriculum. Outdoor play environments should have equipment that is safe and developmentally appropriate for the children served. The appropriate adult-child ratio should be maintained to prevent unnecessary accidents as well as provide the interaction needed to assist children in developing outdoor physical, social, and language skills. Each facility should have teachers with up-to-date CPR and first-aid training to take care of emergency situations.     

“交际教学法”在商务英语教学中的应用

商务英语作为特殊用途英语,其教学强调语言的输出和交际能力的培养,其表现形式是以学生为中心。文章根据商务英语的特点,对交际教学法,尤其是交际法中的小组合作和角色扮演在商务英语教学中的运用进行了探讨,对促进商务英语教学有所裨益。     

Individual differences in children's risk perception and appraisals in outdoor play environments

Child characteristics including age, gender, risk-taking behaviour and sensation seeking are thought to influence children's ability to appraise risks. The present study investigated children's risk perceptions and appraisals in the context of common outdoor physical play activities. Risk perceptions and appraisal of four- and five-year olds were assessed using a pictorial risk appraisal measure and through individual semi-structured interviews examining children's decision-making. Sensation seeking and risk-taking behaviour were assessed using self- and parent-report measures. Results revealed that the children were able to identify injury risk behaviours however differentiating the severity of the potential injury was less accurate. Furthermore, the children appeared to use these judgements in their play to inform their behaviour whilst using playground equipment. Whilst they actively sought out those activities that offered challenge and excitement, they were aware of their abilities and showed caution in engaging in activities that were beyond their current capabilities. The results have implications for the provision of calculated risk-taking in outdoor play and for adult responses to the risk-taking behaviour of children.     

Race/ethnicity and the start of child care: A multi-level analysis of factors influencing first child care experiences

Early childhood education and care experiences play an important role in children's development and school readiness with, in general, sustained exposure to high quality, center-based care leading to positive outcomes. Hispanic parents have been shown to be less likely than others to place their children in center-based care, particularly when children are very young—a pattern that contrasts African American parents’ tendency for earlier use of center-based care. This paper examines child care choice from a contextual perspective. Using a multi-level modeling approach, we consider ethnicity and race, at the individual and neighborhood levels, in relation to the age at which children first participate in non-parental care and the type of care they first experience. Using data from the ECLS-K, the 1990 Census and other contextual sources, we demonstrate that Hispanic parents’ later use of care is explainable by economic and work participation factors at the family level, while neighborhood proportion of Hispanic individuals is associated with delayed entry into child care. In contrast, the observed early use of care among African American families persists after accounting for economic and work factors, and appears independent of differences in neighborhood context. Limitations and implications for policy and practice are discussed.     

高觉敷与维果茨基心理学方法论思想之比较

高觉敷,我国现代心理学史研究的领军人物;维果茨基,苏联文化历史学派的创始人。两人成长的时代背景和学术背景各不相同,但在方法论思想上却颇具共性,高度体现了唯物史观和辩证法精神。这种共性结合他们各自的研究领域孕育出各具特色的理论成果：高觉敷以唯物史观考察心理学的发展过程,制定了心理学史的编纂原则,要求辩证地看待西方心理学家的世界观和研究成果。维果茨基提出总体性解释原则,用辩证思维统帅心理学的理论体系。在马克思主义精神的感召下两人均为值得我们景仰和纪念的马克思主义心理学家。     

Artificial Neural Networks: A New Approach to Predicting Application Behavior

In this article we examine how predictive modeling can be used to study application behavior. We apply a relatively new technique, artificial neural networks, to help us predict which students are likely to apply to a large Research I institution in the Midwest. We compare the results of these new techniques to the traditional analysis tool, logistic regression modeling. The addition of artificial intelligence models is an exciting new area and this article encourages other institutional researchers to use this technique to explore the complex processes found in our educational institutions.     

Franz Kafka in the Design Studio: A Hermeneutic‐Phenomenological Approach to Architectural Design Education

This article demonstrates the outcomes of taking a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to architectural design and discusses the potentials for imaginative reasoning in design education. This study tests the use of literature as a verbal form of art and design and the contribution it can make to imaginative design processes – which are all too often limited by physical constraints. It has been observed that a person reading a novel can choose to suspend their disbelief and become entangled in the events of the book – where they become involved with the art not only subjectively, but also as a form of play. In the words of Hans‐Georg Gadamer: ‘understanding occurs in interpreting’. This study asked design students to read three of Franz Kafka's books –The Metamorphosis, The Trial and The Castle– prior to designing a Franz Kafka museum. The students found themselves drawn into numerous worlds that they were compelled to play along with; and demonstrating the productive role that literature can play in studio design, the students were observed to reconstruct the text and authorial context as a spatio‐temporal frame of reference, in this case a museum, and thus provide museum visitors with a Kafkaesque spatial experience of the narrative world in terms of design.     

群体决策中从众行为的原因及对策探析

在现代民主社会里,群体决策与个人决策相比较,更具有基础性作用,成为现代民主社会的基础。科学的群体决策能够真实地反映人们的内心需求与利益,而如何做到科学群体决策,防止群体决策中的消极从众行为,成为现代社会治理者的诉求。群体决策中从众行为之原因主要有独裁型行政领导权力、权威和制度的不完善,特别是程序性规则的不健全．应该通过健全权利的保护机制、建立科学的决策程序、对行政领导权力进行制约等对群体决策中的从众行为进行管理,从而使群体决策成为一种科学、民主和规范的决策形式。     

Understanding Violence Against Women in Southeast Asia: A Group Approach in Social Justice Work

Using a liberatory group approach, women and men from three countries in Southeast Asia, Thailand, Cambodia, and among refugees of Burma, analyzed gender-based violence within their cultural contexts. Group members also discussed strategies for transforming systems supporting violence against women into structures of peace and gender justice. The author briefly describes the group model employed in the project, based on principles from liberation theory and feminist psychology. Themes emerging from the analyses generated by group members are also presented along with preliminary recommendations for social change at the personal, family, community, institutional, and societal levels.     

讨论在口语课上的运用

以任务为中心的讨论课经过有效的组织能大大提高学习的口语能力。目前使用比较普遍的讨论类型有：话题设定、小组讨论、角色扮演。成功的讨论涉及思维、结果、效率性、互动性、趣味性等因素。     

语言与思维关系理论述评

文章对有关语言与思维关系的理论进行了述评 ,认为语言和思维是两种不同的心理现象 ,具有不同的发生发展规律 ,思维先于语言。但是它们又是相互作用的 ,而且在不同的年龄发展阶段、不同的作业情境中 ,它们的关系是有所变化的     

Evaluating Interventions with Multimethod Data: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

In many intervention and evaluation studies, outcome variables are assessed using a multimethod approach comparing multiple groups over time. In this article, we show how evaluation data obtained from a complex multitrait–multimethod–multioccasion–multigroup design can be analyzed with structural equation models. In particular, we show how the structural equation modeling approach can be used to (a) handle ordinal items as indicators, (b) test measurement invariance, and (c) test the means of the latent variables to examine treatment effects. We present an application to data from an evaluation study of an early childhood prevention program. A total of 659 children in intervention and control groups were rated by their parents and teachers on prosocial behavior and relational aggression before and after the program implementation. No mean change in relational aggression was found in either group, whereas an increase in prosocial behavior was found in both groups. Advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are highlighted.     

A Longitudinal Approach to Assessing Attrition Behavior Among First-Generation Students: Time-Varying Effects of Pre-College Characteristics

Although going to college may be viewed as a rite of passage for many students, some groups of students often face unique challenges in their pursuit of a college degree. One group of students that we are trying to gain a better understanding of is first-generation students, those whose parents did not graduate from college. This article presents the results of a study that investigated longitudinal effects of being a first-generation student on attrition. Results indicated that first-generation students were more likely to depart than their counterparts over time. After controlling for factors such as race, gender, high school grade point average (GPA), and family income, the risk of attrition in the first year among first-generation students was 71% higher than that of students with two college-educated parents.     

情景模拟教学法在“组织行为学”教学中的应用

从情景模拟教学的内涵出发,列举了在教学中实际设计的模拟环节,介绍了具体的实施步骤,分析了实施效果,发现了存在的问题并提出了相关建议。     

日本少子化社会中的“待机儿童”:成因与消解

儿童照顾政策是日本应对日益加速的少子高龄化社会进程、提高社会成员生育意愿的重要环节。但"育儿支援新制度"、"幼保无偿化"等看似相当充裕的儿童照顾政策效果却未达预期:不仅新出生儿童数量没有实现增加,无法进入照顾机构的"待机儿童"也成为困扰日本政府与社会成员的新问题。由于日本儿童照顾体系中独特的保育所与幼儿园二元分立的历史构造,儿童照顾资源整合难度较大;更多女性参与劳动力市场导致家庭能够提供的儿童照顾减少,各类儿童照顾政策的实施又拉动了潜在的儿童照顾需求。日本的经验表明,应对少子化危机、解决待机儿童难题需要在增加儿童照顾供给总量、提高政策普惠性与公平性的同时,调整儿童照顾机构使用时间与使用限制等供给结构,提高儿童照顾对于社会成员的可得性与可及性。     

Rough and tumble play in children: research and theory

Abstract

The studies referred to have all been done at just one or two schools, and there may be considerable variations between children of different cultural and social class backgrounds. Further research is needed in these areas. So far as we can tell at the moment, r&t is primarily a friendly and playful activity, which does not usually involve any intent to hurt, at least up to early adolescense. Its function remains unclear, but it appears to be part of normal development, and children who rough-and-tumble a lot are generally sociable but not especially aggressive. To this extent, there seems no reason to discourage r&t except in contexts where the noisy and vigorous activities might distract from other (e. g. educational) objectives. It does seem that the motivation behind r&t becomes more complex by adolescence, and the task of giving practical advice on the matter correspondingly more difficult. Finally some adults and some children may have difficulty in distinguishing r&t and agression. Some dissemination of, or training in, the cues which distinguish the two may be helpful.     

群体意识与经济人利他行为选择

传统经济学理论中关于“经济人”的假设无法有效解释经济人的利他行为,在将行为人的行为目的统一为获取个人价值的基础上,构建群体意识选择模型解释并分析经济人利他行为选择,得出降低经济人个人欲望、降低社会利他行为成本、密切人与人之间的关系有助于增进社会的利他行为。     

美国特许学校政策:论争与走向

从诞生之日起,美国特许学校就处在不同利益集团的博弈中,两大对立利益集团就特许学校的效能、责任和公平性等方面展开了针锋相对的论争。博弈使特许学校的发展呈现出许多不确定性。但基于美国政府的有力支持、特许学校法的修订和利益集团间的对话等理由,美国特许学校将会有一个比较好的发展前景。     

全面两孩政策下婴幼儿照护家庭支持体系的构建——基于育儿压力、母职困境与社会支持的调查分析

加强家庭婴幼儿照护支持是二孩时代实现幼有所育的关键。从家庭育儿压力、母职困境和社会支持出发,调查6个省12个市共计11453个3岁以下婴幼儿家庭。结果发现,家庭育儿压力较高,抚育成本高昂,子女教育成为最大挑战,且二孩家庭育儿压力更大;母亲育儿工作难平衡,超过三分之一的母亲职业中断,且二孩家庭、低收入和低学历母亲面临更大的职业困境。在社会支持方面,家庭内部支持以祖辈为主,父亲参与不足;对教育支持最为迫切,但所获外部支持有限。在历史短板、时代挑战和文化制约的多重影响下,亟待构建婴幼儿照护家庭支持体系,通过加强对家庭婴幼儿照护的支持和指导,形成夫妻同工、祖辈适度参与的动力机制,保障女性就业权,最终实现家庭与社会共同参与的婴幼儿照护良好格局,切实缓解家庭的育儿压力。