Developing a System of Inclusive Education for Pupils with Behavioural Difficulties

Recent research into bullying in schools has focused upon the social context in which bullying commonly takes place and the roles taken by student bystanders observing the bullying. This article describes a methodology that has been developed, employing a video presentation and a related questionnaire, and applied in a number of countries, including Australia, Bangladesh, England, Israel, Italy and South Africa. This approach was utilized to examine reported bystander behaviour of schoolchildren witnessing bullying at school and to identify factors that may account for positive and negative responses of bystanders in both upper primary and lower secondary levels of schooling.     

Teaching Pupils to Negotiate

There has long been a potential tension between advocates of ‘behavioural approaches’ and advocates of ‘counselling approaches’, particularly in relation to work with pupils with special needs. The appeal of the cognitive behavioural approach described in this paper is that it integrates both the cognitive (counselling) and behavioural strategies. Thus the effectiveness of each approach can be used to enhance the effectiveness of the other. The writer argues that this leads to a more effective intervention than either approach used on its own. It also moves away from an almost total emphasis on the environmental determinants of behaviour towards a model which gives due weight to the feelings and thoughts of the pupils.     

Peer Support: A Strategy to Help Bystanders Challenge School Bullying

In this article, the authors first discuss the nature of peer support and some of the ways in which it has evolved over time, particularly in the UK. Under the umbrella of peer support they include activities such as befriending, peer counselling, conflict resolution or mediation and intervening in bullying situations. Secondly, they describe research studies of peer support and discuss their relevance to bystander behaviour. Thirdly, they draw some conclusions that relate to the wider context of the developing role of peer support in schools today. These include the benefits to peer supporters and the key processes of flexible monitoring and clear observation of the needs of the potential users.     

Peer Support: A Strategy to Help Bystanders Challenge School Bullying

In this article, the authors first discuss the nature of peer support and some of the ways in which it has evolved over time, particularly in the UK. Under the umbrella of peer support they include activities such as befriending, peer counselling, conflict resolution or mediation and intervening in bullying situations. Secondly, they describe research studies of peer support and discuss their relevance to bystander behaviour. Thirdly, they draw some conclusions that relate to the wider context of the developing role of peer support in schools today. These include the benefits to peer supporters and the key processes of flexible monitoring and clear observation of the needs of the potential users.     

Bullying in schools: why it happens,how it makes young people feel and what we can do about it

In spite of decades of research and more recent guidance by Government, bullying in schools remains a serious concern to young people and to educational practitioners. This two year qualitative study explored the meanings eight teenagers gave to bullying they had experienced, and related this to an analysis of previous research and school policies about bullying. The findings from the study revealed that bullying affected the subjectivity of young people, including how they positioned themselves and believed themselves to be positioned by others. It also found previous research and school policies focused on the behavioural aspects of bullying, neglecting the subjective meanings that it had for those who experienced it. The research findings suggested that a more open approach by adults to what bullying means to individuals, and clearer guidance to teachers on how to work with them about subjective meanings, may provide a new direction in supporting young people who have been bullied.     

Bystander Behaviour Among Italian Students

This paper reports the Italian data on the bystanders' project. In the last decade, several studies have been conducted on the prevalence and nature of bullying among primary and secondary students as well as on individual and social risk factors, illustrating that bullying in the Italian context is a widespread phenomenon. No research has been conducted, so far, on the 'bystander' behaviours of those students who see other peers being bullied or bullying others in school either physically, verbally or through sexual coercion (i.e. touching girls). The study was conducted with 594 students (51.9% boys and 48.1% girls), aged 12–16 years old, with a mean age of 13.1 (SD=0.87). They were recruited from six different middle schools, two in each of three different sites in Italy: Northern Italy (Vercelli), Central Italy (Rome) and Southern Italy (Catania). Results showed that though the most likely reaction is supporting the victim by trying to discourage the bully, gender differences emerged, with girls more likely than boys to support the victim and boys more likely to encourage the bully or simply ignore. Differences resembling the same pattern emerged also with regard to own involvement as a bully or a victim. Findings are discussed by looking at possible applications for intervention.     

On standby? A comparison of online and offline witnesses to bullying and their bystander behaviour

Given their ubiquitous presence as witnesses to school-yard bullying, the role of the ‘bystander’ has been studied extensively. The prevalence and behaviour of bystanders to cyberbullying, however, is less understood. In an anonymous, school-based questionnaire, 716 secondary school students from South-East Queensland reported whether they had witnessed traditional and/or cyberbullying, and how they responded to each type. Overlap in bystander roles between online and offline environments was examined, as was their relationship to age and gender. Students who witnessed traditional bullying were more likely to have witnessed cyberbullying. Bystanders’ behaviour was sometimes similar in both contexts of traditional and cyberbullying, mainly if they were outsiders but half of the 256 students who reported witnessing both traditional and cyberbullying, acted in different roles across the two environments. The implications of the findings are discussed in the context of previous research on cyberbullying and traditional-bystanders. Future research should further explore the role of bystanders online, including examining whether known predictors of traditional-bystander behaviour similarly predict cyber-bystander behaviour.     

Counseling and Climate Change as Treatment Modalities for Bullying in School

Individual, group, and family counseling are invariably included in bullying prevention programs and strategies. Nevertheless, if bullying is treated exclusively as a problem between bullies and victims or as a family problem, counseling efforts will have limited impact. Counseling strategies must be articulated within a systemic approach to bullying in schools. In particular, the roles that students and adults play in actively or passively reinforcing bullying behavior must be addressed through school-wide and family efforts to change the norms and climate with respect to bullying. The pertinent literature is reviewed and steps to implement a systemic prevention strategy are outlined.     

Exploring the impact of bullying on young bystanders

This study aimed to explore peer bullying events in schools by using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to consider the experiences of young bystanders: the perceptions and understandings of students who had witnessed bullying. Participants were aged 12–13 and attended two neighbouring secondary schools in the UK. Four themes were generated: the power and limits of language in bullying incidents; the power of moral frameworks; the presence of dynamic social systems, both inside and outside peer groups; and the psychological consequences of being a bystander. Implications of the research are discussed, for the practice of school staff and for educational psychologists.     

循证教育模式下校园欺凌防治项目研究

循证教育是当代教育科学化和实证化的新动向,可以有效地将教育与信息融合,在教育过程中把专业知识与切实有效的经验证据整合起来进行决策。基于循证教育模式,通过文献结果荟萃分析循证于KiVa项目、NoTrap!项目、OBPP项目、维也纳社会能力项目等国外成熟的防治项目,提出并论证我国在政策法律层面、学校和教师层面、家长和同伴层面等多层次的校园欺凌防治项目。     

项目导入与任务驱动的教学模式比较分析

本文主要针对高职院校教学改革的实际,结合长江职业学院计算机专业采取的“项目导入,任务驱动式’,教学模式进行探究,在才‘任务驱动”与“项目导入”两种教学模式进行比较的基础上,探讨如何将二者更好地结合。     

The Contribution of International Large-Scale Assessments to Educational Research: Combining Individual and Institutional Data Sources

The present paper aims to discuss how data from international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) can be utilized and combined, even with other existing data sources, in order to monitor educational outcomes and study the effectiveness of educational systems. We consider different purposes of linking data, namely, extending outcomes measures, analyzing differences over time or across cohorts, and supplementing context information. These linking strategies are illustrated by a non-exhaustive selection of studies that exploited ILSAs to investigate a wide range of educational topics. We conclude that the main contribution of ILSA to educational research lies in the ways they facilitate analyses of educational policy and policy-related issues at the institutional level by means of cross-country analyses. However, the scope of these studies also covers high-quality data on lower levels of the educational system.     

Pupils’ perceptions of bullying and disruptions to concentration and attention to school work

It is well known that many pupils are bullied and suffer in a variety of ways as a result. This study looks at a largely overlooked outcome of bullying that may have direct consequences for academic success – disrupted concentration and attention to school work. Using pupil perceptions as the source of data, the two main aims were to quantify the proportion of pupils affected by bullying in this way, and to solicit their views on possible solutions. Subsidiary aims were to test for gender and school year differences in these variables. Among the 485 participants as a whole, only modest levels of disruptions attributable to bullying were evident but more disturbing was the finding that on nine out of eleven separate questions, around one in twenty pupils reported that this happened ‘lots of times’. The most common solutions provided by pupils to help children affected in this way involved:

1. helping them feel safe from bullying in class;

2. reminding them to disclose/seek help if they are bullied;

3. encouraging teachers to be supportive of victims of bullying;

4. encouraging teachers to be on the look out for signs that pupils have been bullied; and

5. using social support from other pupils.

No significant sex or school year differences were found.     

关于《中学物理教材教法》课程教学的若干思考

《中学物理教材教法》课程受冷落的原因有四,努力使这门课程成为高师物理专业学生喜爱的热门课,需要使教法课与学生活动相结合、与学生的探究体验相结合、与教师传授教学经验相结合、与学习研究辅助资料相结合。     

Portraying monsters: framing school bullying through a macro lens

This article critically considers the discourse on school bullying through the conceptual framework of lenses and argues that a macro lens has been utilised by school bullying researchers to bring into focus the characteristics of the individuals involved and the types of actions used. By considering earlier understandings of bullying, the article illustrates how this macro lens has become a metalens through which school bullying is understood. This has had implications for how bullying is understood and addressed, as well as for how vast numbers of school-aged children are perceived and treated. The article argues that the macro lens needs to be replaced with a wide-angle lens, so as to bring the social, institutional and societal contexts into view.     

Comparative analysis of musical abilities of 11-year-olds from Slovenia and the island of Martinique

The focus of the study is the comparison between the musical abilities of 11-year-old children on the island of Martinique and in Slovenia, and finding out to what extent their development of musical abilities is influenced by musical and cultural family background, music school attendance, choral singing and playing orchestral instruments. Our analyses showed statistically significant sample differences between the two countries in the comparison of the dependent variables (melodic, rhythmic and harmonic musical ear). Irrespective of the country, the tests showed that a strong musical and cultural family background, music school, choral singing and playing an orchestral instrument further the development of melodic, rhythmic and harmonic musical ear. The study led to some discoveries which will be used to improve music teaching in Slovenia, as the 11-year-olds on the island of Martinique show much better results. The research also indicated important sample differences that will result in a more successful development of musical abilities.     

中外合作办学中优质教育资源的引进

引进国外优质教育资源是中外合作办学的核心。教育资源的引进包含三个层次的问题：引进资源的内容选择、资源质量和资源利用效率。我国中外合作办学发展20多年来,引进教育资源的内涵和质量问题一直是非常突出的问题。引进优质教育资源,需要不断加强资质认证,发挥政府政策的宏观调控和引导作用,重视资源引进过程中的监管和质量监督,同时走出国门,促进优质教育资源的输入。     

A Peer Counselling Service in a Secondary School to Combat Bullying: Issues in Planning and Ongoing Management

Peer counselling schemes have been developed in some secondary schools to combat bullying. Research supports the need for bullied victims to speak with their peers. Such schemes need regular monitoring and modification to suit the school's particular pastoral needs. This paper explores the management issues surrounding the provision of peer counselling in one service, managed by a school counsellor. The service is outlined to show that appointment setting requires careful planning and ongoing management. This paper discusses four central issues, which are the role of a peer counselling service; the selected model; the most suitable room location; and the most appropriate time for counselling to take place in secondary school.