A comparative study of children's attitudes towards deaf children,children in wheelchairs and blind children in Greece and in the UK

This comparative study explores the attitudes of children towards deaf children, children in wheelchairs and blind children in Greece and in the UK. A total of 463 children participated in this study, with 229 children from Greece and 234 children from the UK, in the fifth and sixth grades in primary schools. The views of the children were elicited with the use of an attitude scale. The roles of prior contact and current contact were examined. Results indicated that all children were positive towards the three categories of children and that girls were more positive than boys. Comparative findings showed that children's attitudes in the two countries differed in several ways. Children in Greece were more positive than children in the UK. However, children attending schools with special education units in Greece held more negative attitudes than children attending schools with special education units in the UK. Also, children in Greece who had prior contact with deaf children were less favourable towards deaf children compared with children in the UK. Furthermore, the results indicated that children held positive attitudes at a superficial level, expressing mostly social and emotional concern, and not a willingness to interact with these children. The findings stimulate a discussion regarding the impact of sociocultural characteristics upon children's attitudes towards children with special educational needs.     

解构与建构:走向“独立”的儿童身体观

儿童身体观是社会大众对儿童身体的总体认知。儿童身体观直接影响儿童身体地位,作用于儿童身体锻炼方法与过程。通过解构儿童身体观,分析儿童身体与儿童、教育、社会三者的关系,批判目前儿童身心二元论的身体观,并且以现象学为切入点,重新建构儿童独立身体观。儿童身体是儿童存在于世界上的基本形式,应树立以下三方面独立儿童观:一是儿童身体是“流动的身体”,身体锻炼需全面化;二是儿童身体是“发展的身体”,儿童身体研究需科学化;三是儿童身体是“在场的身体”,儿童游戏活动情境设计需自然化。     

Do you see what I see? School perspectives of deaf children,hearing children and their parents☆

Perspectives on academic and social aspects of children’s school experiences were obtained from deaf and hearing children and their (deaf or hearing) parents. Possible differences between (1) the views of children and their parents and (2) those of hearing children and their parents compared to deaf children and their parents were of particular interest. Overall, parents gave their children higher school friendship ratings than the children gave themselves, and hearing children and their parents were more positive about children’s friendships than were deaf children and their parents. Both children and parents also saw deaf children as less successful in reading than hearing children. However, deaf children having deaf parents, attending a school for the deaf and using sign language at home all were associated with more positive perceptions of social success. Use of cochlear implants was not associated with perceptions of greater academic or social success. These and related findings are discussed in the context of parent and child perspectives on social and academic functioning and particular challenges confronted by deaf children in regular school settings.     

论卢梭的儿童教育观

卢梭的儿童观给现代教育以重要启示:尊重儿童、解放儿童。解放儿童应从四个方面着手:让儿童主动探索学习,让儿童创造性地学习,把儿童从传统的师生关系束缚中解放出来,把儿童从家庭、教师和社会所寄予的沉重期望中解放出来。     

流动对儿童意味着什么——对一项心理学研究的再思考

作为一个社会处境不利群体,流动儿童问题倍受关注也倍受争议。本研究从认知和人格两个角度来探讨流动儿童心理发展现状,结果发现:流动儿童的创造力水平与城市儿童无差异,显著高于农村儿童;流动儿童的自尊水平同农村儿童无差异,并显著低于城市儿童;流动带来的家庭环境和教育环境的变化对儿童心理发展具有重要意义。     

流浪儿童的性格与行为特点研究

本研究以235名男生（其中流浪儿童75名，流动儿童88名，处境正常儿童72名）为被试，采用问卷法，通过流浪儿童与流动儿童及处境正常儿童在性格和行为各重要指标上的比较来分析流浪儿童的性格和行为特点。结果表明：（1）与流动儿童及处境正常儿童相比，流浪儿童的自控能力、自我概念水平较低，享乐取向和潜在犯罪倾向较高，更倾向于外部归因；（2）流浪儿童的依赖、焦虑、退缩、冲动、夸大等行为更多，更具攻击倾向。     

留守与流动儿童的网络成瘾现状及其心理健康与人际关系

为调查流动和留守儿童网络成瘾倾向发生率,探讨两类儿童心理健康、人际关系和网络成瘾倾向的关系,使用问卷法测查了3416名流动儿童、留守儿童和农村普通儿童,发现（1）流动儿童、留守儿童和普通儿童的网络成瘾倾向比率分别为12．99％、6．83％和6．82％。（2）初中女生的网络成瘾得分显著高于小学女生,男女流动儿童的网络成瘾得分均显著大于对应性别的留守儿童和农村普通儿童。（3）留守与流动儿童的网络成瘾倾向组与非网络成瘾倾向组相比,均存在较差的心理健康和人际关系。（4）留守和流动儿童中网络成瘾倾向组的心理健康状况比普通儿童的网络成瘾倾向组更差。     

A comparison of social skills in Turkish children with visual impairments,children with intellectual impairments and typically developing children

The purpose of this study was to compare the social skills of five groups of children: children with visual impairments attending inclusive education schools, children with visual impairments attending schools for the blind, children with intellectual impairments attending inclusive education schools, children with intellectual impairments attending segregated special education schools, and typically developing children. A hundred and sixty-nine children aged from 7 to 12 participated in the study. The children's social skills were rated by their teachers on the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) – Turkish Form. The results suggested significant group differences between children attending inclusive education schools and children attending special education schools. Analysis of the findings indicated that children with visual impairments and children with intellectual impairments had poorer social skills than typically developing children; however children with visual impairments and children with intellectual impairments attending inclusive education schools had higher social skills than children attending segregated special education schools. The findings of the study were discussed and suggestions for future research were provided.     

Reading comprehension of deaf children with cochlear implants

The reading comprehension and visual word recognition in 50 deaf children and adolescents with at least 3 years of cochlear implant (CI) use were evaluated. Their skills were contrasted with reference data of 500 deaf children without CIs. The reading comprehension level in children with CIs was expected to surpass that in deaf children without implants, partly via improved visual word recognition. Reading comprehension scores of children with implants were significantly better than those of deaf children without implants, although the performance in implant users was substantially lagging behind that in hearing children. Visual word recognition was better in children with CIs than in children without implants, in secondary education only. No difference in visual word recognition was found between the children with CIs and the hearing children, whereas the deaf children without implants showed a slightly poorer performance. The difference in reading comprehension performance of the deaf children with and without CIs remained present when visual word recognition was controlled for. This indicates that other reading-related skills were also contributing to the improved reading comprehension skills of deaf children with CIs.     

“荧惑说”与“童子之情”——从童谣的历史变迁透析传统儿童观和儿童教育观

传统社会视儿童为“小大人”或成人的附庸,这种儿童观深刻影响了童谣与儿童的关系。童谣自诞生之日起即与政治生活缠杂不清,远离儿童。王阳明提出儿童教育当顺应“童子之情”后,童谣才见转折,开始贴近儿童和儿童生活。清末时,在“西学东渐”浪潮的冲击下,传统儿童教育踏入近代的门槛。而就在这一时期,涌现出了大量真正意义上的童谣集。故此,童谣发展的历史恰好清晰地反映了传统儿童观和儿童教育观变化的历史。     

2-5岁超常儿童的计数及其策略研究

本研究选取2-5岁超常儿童46名、普通儿童54名,通过实验考察了早期超常儿童的计数及其策略。结果显示:(1)超常儿童更早掌握“一一对应”的计数原则;(2)4岁前,超常儿童相对同龄普通儿童能掌握更大范围的基数;特别是3-4岁超常儿童,基本已经掌握了20以内的基数概念,显著优于同年龄普通儿童;(3)2-5岁超常儿童普遍具有比同年龄普通儿童更好的计数策略;(4)4-5岁超常儿童相对同龄普通儿童和3-4岁超常儿童,能够更有效地运用计数策略完成“随机性”计数任务。     

Linguistic Diversity and the Development of Reading Skills: A Longitudinal Study

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the same component processes are involved in reading acquisition for children with varying levels of proficiency in English in kindergarten and the first grade. The performance of 858 children was examined on tasks assessing basic literacy skills, phonological processing, verbal memory, and syntactic awareness. There were 727 children who were native English speakers (NS children) and 131 children who spoke English as a second language (ESL children). Although ESL children performed more poorly than NS children on most measures of phonological and linguistic processing in kindergarten and first grade, the acquisition of basic literacy skills for children from both language groups developed in a similar manner. Furthermore, alphabetic knowledge and phonological processing were important contributors to early reading skill for children from both language groups. Therefore, children learning English may acquire literacy skills in English in a similar manner to NS children, although their alphabetic knowledge may precede and facilitate the acquisition of phonological awareness in English.     

Teacher ratings of the achievement-related classroom behaviors of maltreated and non-maltreated children

This study investigated in what ways, if any, maltreated children differ from nonmaltreated children in regard to achievement-related classroom behaviors. Elementary school teachers completed the Hahnemann Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale on 33 maltreated children, 33 non-maltreated public assistance children, and 33 non-maltreated lower middle class children. The maltreated children were matched to the comparison children on gender and grade level. Results indicated that the maltreated children exhibited significantly less classroom behavior that is positively linked with academic achievement than did a comparable group of non-maltreated, public assistance children. However, the maltreated children did not differ significantly as a group from the public assistance children in most behaviors that are negatively linked with academic achievement, such as disruptive social involvement in the classroom. When compared with the lower middle class children, the maltreated children were rated as engaging in significantly less classroom behavior that is positively related to academic achievement and significantly more classroom behavior that is negatively related to academic achievement.     

Homework: a cross-cultural examination

Cultural differences in the amount of time spent on homework and in beliefs and attitudes about homework were investigated through interviews with more than 3,500 elementary school children, their mothers, and their teachers. The children lived in 5 cities: Beijing, Chicago, Minneapolis, Sendai (Japan), and Taipei. Chinese children were assigned more homework and spent more time on homework than Japanese children, who in turn were assigned more and spent more time on homework than American children. Chinese children also received more help from family members with their homework than American and Japanese children. Chinese children were found to have more positive attitudes about homework than American children; Japanese children's attitudes were between those of the Chinese and American children. Relations between amount of time spent on homework by children, amount of time parents spent assisting their children with homework, and children's achievement were also explored. The views of both parents and teachers about the value of homework are discussed.     

Less Stress,More Rewarding: Parenting Children With Down Syndrome

Objective. We argue that, compared to other children with disabilities, parents of children with Down syndrome may experience less stress and more rewards. Design. After reviewing changes in studies examining parenting children with disabilities, we note how specific genetic disorders predispose children to different, etiology-related behaviors, which in turn predispose their parents to particular reactions. We then survey studies of both stress and rewardingness in parents of children with Down syndrome versus children with other disabilities. Results. Parents of children with Down syndrome report less stress and more child-related rewards than parents of children with other disabilities; indeed, parents of children with Down syndrome may feel equally rewarded compared to parents of same-aged typical children. Conclusions. By comparing feelings of parents of children with Down syndrome versus children with other disabilities, we begin to understand which child behaviors bring about which parental reactions. Such information provides both theoretical and practical benefits to professionals interested in parenting.     

Cognitive Development of Chinese Urban Only Children and Children with Siblings

142 first- and 188 fifth-grade only children and children with siblings from the Beijing area were given 11 cognitive tasks to investigate the difference in cognitive abilities that may exist due to the special conditions resulting from the Chinese 1-child family planning program. Overall superiority of grade 1 only children over children with siblings appeared in cognitive abilities involving memory processes, language skills, and mathematics. No differences existed for perceptual tasks. However, the differences in cognitive abilities between only children and children with siblings at grade 5 were less prominent than at grade 1. The cognitive superiority of these younger Chinese only children over children with siblings may be explained by the fact that the fifth-grade only children were born before 1980 when the 1-child family planning program was not strongly enforced. Parents may have tended to treat these children and children with siblings alike. In contrast, the first-grade only children were born at a time of government policy intervention that resulted in special investment in these children by parents and elders, suggesting the possibility of a time-related cohort effect.     

Hearing mothers and oral deaf children: an atypical relational context for theory of mind

The study assessed Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities in a group of oral deaf children and in their hearing mothers using a battery of ToM tasks. It also investigated the connection between mother and child in ToM performance. Participants were: 17 oral deaf children (aged 5 to 14 years) were paired by gender, age, and mental age with 17 hearing children; 17 hearing mothers of deaf children and 17 hearing mothers of hearing children. Compared to the hearing children, the deaf children faced difficulties in all ToM tests, and the hearing mothers of the deaf children were less capable than the mothers of the hearing children in all the ToM tests. Further, a specific ToM interaction model was found between the hearing mothers and the deaf children. The results confirmed ToM poor performance faced by the oral deaf children, showed the ToM level of hearing mothers of deaf children, and the ToM style of hearing mothers–deaf children dyads. Also, findings underline some educational implications related to the socio-relational origin of the ToM deficit in oral deaf children.     

留守儿童心理健康状况及影响因素研究

为了探讨留守儿童心理健康状况及影响因素,采用自编的留守儿童的基本情况调查表和心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对467名留守儿童和341名非留守儿童进行问卷调查。结果显示:留守儿童在对人焦虑、孤独倾向、过敏倾向和冲动倾向上与非留守儿童存在显著的差异(P<0.01),在学习焦虑和身体症状上与非留守儿童差异比较显著(P<0.05);是否与兄弟姐妹生活在一起、留守儿童的年级、代养人类型、父母外出时间长短、留守儿童的性别对留守儿童的心理健康水平有一定的预测作用(R2=0.382)。从而得出结论:留守儿童的整体心理健康状况低于非留守儿童;影响留守儿童的心理健康水平的因素有:是否与兄弟姐妹生活在一起、年级、代养人类型、父母外出时间长短及性别。     

Similarities in the social competencies of learning disabled and low achieving elementary school children.

This study sought to examine distinctions in social competencies between children with learning disabilities (LD) and other children who also experience academic difficulties. Eighty-five children with LD (54 male, 31 female) in Grades 3 through 6 from a large urban school district were compared to a group of low achieving (LA) peers matched on achievement as well as sex, race, and grade. The samples were 42% black, 39% Hispanic, and 19% Anglo. Both groups completed two self-concept questionnaires, a loneliness scale, and a measure of their social relationships outside of school. In addition, their classmates completed a peer rating scale and their teachers completed two ratings of the child's social skills. The results indicated that children with LD and LA children were comparable on most measures, although children with LD reported themselves as being less lonely than LA children. In addition, regular-class children rated children with LD as more likable than LA children. The results highlight similarities in the social competencies of children with LD and LA children and suggest that special education classes may offer some social advantages to children with mild handicaps.     

积极愉悦：让游戏回归幼儿立场

游戏是幼儿最基本的活动方式,幼儿游戏应该从幼儿出发,树立游戏的幼儿立场。然而,现在的幼儿教育实践中却普遍存着游戏的非幼儿立场：“为了教学而游戏”“为了游戏而游戏”。文章通过对这两类游戏立场的批判,认为积极愉悦是幼儿立场的应有之义,并提出了游戏幼儿立场的实现路径。