乡镇企业法律人才的培养

目前，我国乡镇企业的法律人才短缺，应针对这种状况，利用乡镇企业成人中等专业学校加大培养力度。本文是从乡镇企业法律人才培养的必要性、培养形式和如何教学、如何对法律人才的知识更新等几方面加以探讨，目的是促进我国乡镇企业的健康、快速发展。     

地方高师院校音乐教师职业倦怠探析

职业倦怠是影响地方高师音乐教师职业素质、心理健康的不利因素,其身体的衰竭、认知的扭曲和行为的异常,影响着地方高师院校音乐教师素质的全面发挥。文章主要从社会因素、学校因素、工作因素以及个人因素四个角度具体分析地方高师院校音乐教师产生职业倦怠的原因,并寻求解决策略。     

Factors related to inequality in participation in schooling in Java

The study uses data from a census survey, augmented by school enrolment statistics, to analyse factors related to inequality in participation in schooling in Indonesia. It is argued that the census-type survey provides a very useful means by which participation can be monitored in developing countries and it also provides a particularly valuable basis on which to examine relationships between socio-economic and, to a lesser extent, educational variables and participation. The results obtained indicate that while some socio-economic characteristics of families are the source of expected significant inequalities, other characteristics, such as sex differences and the distinction between farm and non-farm families, do not relate to participation for certain levels of schooling and in urban areas.     

Resistant agency in German lessons in primary education in Germany

This paper aims to research practices of resistance as an important part of agency in primary school classrooms. By combining a post-structural theoretical frame with a critical ethnographic research approach, it understands children’s resistance as an ordinary practice, as a necessary response to structures and practices of the classroom setting. It argues that agency needs to be resistant to some extent, because otherwise it would be merely submission or adaptation. How agency can emerge depends on the social position of the student, which influences the way in which she or he is able to anticipate (more or less implicitly) spaces for resistant agency and also how he or she is addressed in the classroom and beyond. An ethnographic case study of German lessons in a third-grade primary class in a German school shows how resistant agency manifests and how it might be restricted when it comes to racialised subject-positions in the classroom.     

Changes in University Governance in France and in Italy

The transformation of higher education systems under the pressure of new needs required by the “society of knowledge” in France and Italy has had a deep effect on the relationship between state and university, and therefore a direct impact on university governance. This article sums up the main results of a research carried out on university Présidents in France and Rettori in Italy, with the aim of understanding their views about the changing process in higher education systems and the related impact on their leading role. There emerges a picture of systems transiting from a traditional centralised Napoleonic structure to a new one where the growing autonomy requires a different kind of governance not previously experienced, and thus not easy to implement mostly because of the resistance coming from universities themselves. The majority of Presidents and Rectors seem aware of the changing process and the related problems even if they do not all agree upon feasible trends to follow. Such a disagreement appears to be an understandable consequence of the unstable and unpredictable direction of the changing situation in the two systems.     

Reform in Higher Education in Canada

Reform in higher education is a topic of great interest world-wide because of the financial pressures facing institutions and the increasing demand for access. Also there is a perceived reluctance to respond to the political will of governments and the forces of the marketplace. Universities and colleges are accused of being complacent, unresponsive, and more concerned about maintaining their autonomy and self-interests than in providing service to the public.
Canadian higher education is not immune from such criticism, but the extent to which it is justified is by no means clear. In order to explore the responsiveness of Canadian universities and colleges to the forces of change, two surveys were recently conducted to obtain an institutional perspective. The findings reveal that higher institutions in Canada are in a ferment of change, but the changes described are more in the nature of responses to forces in the social, financial, and political environment than policy-driven, sustainable, long-range, system-wide reforms.
The surveys confirm patterns of change found in other federal nations and reflect a government strategy of self-regulation blended with fiscal controls. Provincial governments have shown a reluctance to bring about change by legislation, but the threat of legislation is a powerful incentive for reform, without compromising the essentially autonomous nature of the institutions.     

On Ugliness in Words,in Politics,in Tour-ism

Many educational theoretical approaches to cosmopolitanism tend towards an unconditional appreciation of mobility, diversity and rootlessness. The recent interest of educational philosophy in the rhizome, de-territorialization and diversity contributes to this understanding of cosmopolitanism as movement across a borderless and imperfect world. Without downplaying such insights (and related political education), this article displaces and de-temporalizes them. It takes the form of a parody of the rhizome to view those insights from a different perspective and make them strike a different pedagogical note.     

Reforms in Teacher Education in India

The well-established tradition of teaching andlearning in India has retained its inherentstrength even under adverse circumstances. Thepost-independence period was characterized bymajor efforts being made to nurture andtransform teacher education. The system ofteacher preparation has come under considerablepressure as a result of the expansion andgrowth of school education, through efforts touniversalize elementary education. Havinginherited a foreign model of teacherpreparation at the time of independence fromBritain in 1946, major efforts have been madeto adapt and up-date the teacher educationcurriculum to local needs, to make it morecontext based, responsive and dynamic withregard to best meeting the particular needs ofIndia. The current system of teacher educationis supported by a network of national,provincial and district level resourceinstitutions working together to enhance thequality and effectiveness of teacherpreparation programs at the pre-service leveland also through in-service programs forserving teachers throughout the country.The changing role of teachers and the changingdefinitions of teacher effectiveness have beenincreasingly studied and analyzed, withresearch undertaken and the outcomes being fedback into the system to facilitate the processof education reform. The current focus ofresearchers, policy makers and practitionerswith regard to teacher education is on thedevelopment of professional competencies, andon the most effective ways of achieving higherlevels of commitment and motivation forhigher-level performance on the part ofteachers. In addition, important possibilitiesare arising with regard to current developmentsinvolving the new information and communicationtechnologies. As a result, teacher educationin India is on the brink of a majortransformation.     

Revolution in Europe in 1848

Just at the time that the Communist Manifesto appeared, a momentous revolutionary movement broke out on the European continent. The sparks of revolution were first touched off in Italy and then spread throughout a vast area from Paris to Vienna, from Berlin to Budapest. At the time of conflagration, the revolutionary tasks faced by each country were not entirely the same. In some countries completion of the bourgeois democratic revolution was demanded; in some, throwing off the rule of foreign powers and winning national liberation was required; and in others it was necessary to put an end to division and bring about unification of the country. Viewed as a whole, the task was to complete the national democratic revolution. At the time, the bourgeoisie in Europe feared the proletariat, which stood behind them, and their revolutionary spirit was greatly weakened. The proletariat, as an independent political force, played a guiding role. "Everywhere the revolution wa13 the act of the working class: the workers built the barricades; the workers gave their lives in the cause."¹     

英汉翻译中的"貌离"与"神合"现象

英汉翻译最终是要追求两种语言对同一认识内容在内在本质上相通、相合的表达,这固然需要语言外在形式上的契合,然而由于两种语言自然构成和文化系统上的差别,达到其内在本质上相符的"神合"境界,必须以一定程度上语言外在形式的背离为条件.以"貌离"的方式达到"神合",是英汉翻译中不可避免的现象.     

Non-traditional students in tertiary education: inter-disciplinary collaboration in curriculum and pedagogy in community services education in Australia

Education policy in Australia has accelerated its aim to increase participation of under-represented groups in tertiary education including students who are culturally and linguistically diverse and have low socio-economic status. These students generally have not had prior access to privileged academic discourse, which can further disadvantage them in their participation and progress in tertiary education. In this article, we outline a cross-discipline curriculum initiative and pedagogy that draws on critical literacy and the metaphor of discourse community to integrate language and academic skills into community services qualifications. We argue that this – supports the genuine participation of under-represented (non-traditional) students. It aspires to not only support students’ entry into the new academic terrain, but to enable students to adopt a critical stance to the discourses in which they are learning to participate. This we argue is crucial, when expertise is not just a way of meeting its ostensible purposes, but is also a way of exercising power. Although we report on the application of this initiative to entry level curricula (Diploma), we suggest that it has relevance and application to Bachelor levels in a range of disciplines, both in supporting pedagogy and for transition to Bachelor level study.     

2010年中亚五国外交新变化

2010年中亚地缘政治形势主要有三大变化:俄美在中亚再次出现协调一致的情况;中国与中亚国家之间的经济联系达到历史最高点;中亚国家的分化趋势越来越明显.2010年中亚五国各自寻求加强与大国、特别是加强与西方国家之间的关系,以平衡俄罗斯在中亚的影响.与此同时,中亚国家在对俄方向上继续维持双边关系的稳定发展.在对华关系上,中亚五国积极发展双边经济合作,寻求中国的经济支持.大部分中亚国家之间的关系不但没有改善,反而进一步恶化.文章聚焦于2010年中亚五国外交,通过分析中亚地缘政治形势以及中亚五国外交的变化,旨在探寻中亚五国外交变化的内在规律,并对2011年中亚五国外交的走向做出预测.     

高校中外合作办学若干关键问题及对策建议

当前高校中外合作办学中存在合作伙伴选择不当、学科专业简单重复设置、外方智力引进的数量与质量欠保证、先进教育教学理念和经验引进不足等关键问题,其原因在于政府的宏观调控和引导手段单一、有关法规和制度不健全、部分高校缺乏正确的中外合作办学理念等,可采取加强政府调控能力、健全法规制度、规范管理等手段,引导高校秉着公益性原则在国家、地方急需的专业领域引进多种形式的优质教育资源。     

论教育制度变革的"妥协之道"

妥协是解决教育制度变革过程中矛盾冲突的基本手段之一。一个在教育制度变革问题上存在尖锐对立而又不能通过适切让步与妥协达成某种"共识"的社会,不仅教育制度变革本身难以实现,而且容易引发教育秩序的混乱。"妥协之道"是教育制度变革顺利推进所必需的一种公共理性。"妥协之道"不仅是相关行为主体在特定时空背景下的一种理性选择,而且有着深刻的理性基础和理性维度。     

考试公平与区域公平:高考录取中的两难选择

考试公平与区域公平 ,是高考录取中的两难选择。高考录取分数线的调整由于受到政治、经济、文化、教育、人口、就业等多种因素的制约 ,具有很大的难度和重大的影响。高考录取分数线的调整既不能只追求“考试公平”,也不能完全倒向“区域公平”,只能在兼顾二者的同时 ,求取相对公平的最大值。     

当前我国推行公民教育有待解决的若干问题探讨

随着新时期我国改革开放步伐的逐步加快,公民教育问题日益凸显。目前,我国推行公民教育还存在若干有待解决的问题:需要对公民教育进行马克思主义的解读,使之进入社会主义的话语体系;需要处理好现代公民教育与传统道德教育的关系,使之更具时代特征;需要加强对公民教育理念的宣传推广力度,使之获得社会的广泛理解与认同。     

Grouping in Education in Light of Theory and Results in Motivation

Abstract

Homogeneous and heterogeneous grouping as well as research on either have not taken into account the implications of the pupils’ achievement motives. This theoretical contribution attempts to analyze why some pupils take advantage or disadvantage of being grouped in a homogeneous class — and why others take advantage or disadvantage of being grouped in a heterogeneous class. Suggestions for new grouping procedure in education are offered. The principles guiding the new procedure are that the pupils should be grouped in a way which releases and utilizes the potential positive influence of the motive to approach success — and avoids the possible negative effects of the motive to avoid failure. Is it possible to create such an educational setting?     

Trends in computer applications in science assessment

Seven computer applications to science assessment are reviewed. Conventional test administration includes record keeping, grading, and managing test banks. Multiple-choice testing involves forced selection of an answer from a menu, whereas constructed-response testing involves options for students to present their answers within a set standard deviation. Adaptive testing attempts to individualize the test to minimize the number of items and time needed to assess a student's knowledge. Figurai response testing assesses science proficiency in pictorial or graphic mode and requires the student to construct a mental image rather than selecting a response from a multiple choice menu. Simulations have been found useful for performance assessment on a large-scale basis in part because they make it possible to independently specify different aspects of a real experiment. An emerging approach to performance assessment is solution pathway analysis, which permits the analysis of the steps a student takes in solving a problem. Virtually all computer-based testing systems improve the quality and efficiency of record keeping and data analysis.     

论元代辞赋创作各个时期的不同情致

元代辞赋的一个主要特点就是“因情立赋”,但其不同时期所抒发的各种主要情感却不尽相同。元代前期辞赋作品的主要情感是积极用世、退隐自适、仕隐矛盾;元代中期辞赋作品的主要情感是赞美复科、崇古尚理、怨世自伤;元代后期辞赋作品的主要情感是超世解脱、批判现实、迎新怀旧。从抒情方面来看,元赋中一些优秀作品超唐越宋,起到了矫正唐律赋、宋文赋情感缺失的作用。     

Changes in depressive symptoms in first time mothers in home visitation

ObjectiveThe expansion of Home Visitation Programs for at-risk, first-time mothers and their young children has drawn attention to the potential impact of depression on program outcomes, yet little research has examined depression in the context of home visitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of and changes in depressive symptoms in mothers enrolled in home visitation and identify predictors of change in symptoms over the first 9 months of service.MethodsSubjects consisted of 806 at-risk, first-time mothers enrolled in a Home Visitation Program. Self-reported depression was measured at enrollment and again 9 months later. Established clinical cutoffs were used to identify clinically elevated levels of depression. Additional measures were taken of interpersonal trauma history, concurrent intimate partner violence, and social support.ResultsResults indicated that: (1) 45.3% of mothers had clinically elevated symptoms of depression at some point during the first 9 months of service, (2) 25.9% of mothers had elevated symptoms at both time points or at the 9-month assessment, and (3) 74.1% experienced an interpersonal trauma prior to enrollment. Lack of improvement or worsening of depressive symptoms from enrollment to 9 months was best predicted by pre-enrollment interpersonal trauma history, young maternal age, being African American, and symptoms severe enough to have led to mental health treatment.ConclusionsFindings suggest that maternal depressive symptoms are a significant problem in home visitation. The role of interpersonal trauma in depressive symptoms, and how to best address these clinical issues in home visitation, warrants further examination.Practice implicationsMaternal depression is prevalent in Home Visitation Programs, and many mothers exhibit elevated symptoms at multiple time points over the first year of service. Interpersonal trauma history is also prevalent, and is predictive of increased depressive symptoms over time. Home Visitation Programs should note that mothers with interpersonal trauma history, young maternal age, and being African American have an increased likelihood of persistent depressive symptoms, which may in turn pose significant challenges to providing services.