A bibliography of rhetoric and public address for the year 1963

Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship of six predictor variables to immediate comprehension and delayed retention of a lecture. Listening comprehension ability and extrinsic motivation accounted for a statistically significant proportion of the variance in immediate lecture comprehension scores; and initial information, aroused interest, and intrinsic interest were found to be the best predictors of ‘delayed retention of the materials. However, intrinsic interest was inversely related to delayed retention. The data suggested that although persons with high initial information and low intrinsic interest did not comprehend the lecture any better than others, they retained more of what they heard. Thus the variables which most influence lecture comprehension may not significantly influence the delayed retention of what was heard.     

Mapping Political Attitudes: The Impact of Concept Mapping on Ideological Constraint

People with more political knowledge tend to have more coherent ideologies (Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1996; Judd & Krosnick, 1989; Stimson, 1975; Zaller, 1992). Drawing on prominent theories of attitude structure (e.g., Dinauer & Fink, 2005; Hunter, Levine & Sayers, 1976), we propose an explanation for this relationship, testing whether people who spend time thinking about how political concepts relate to one another are more likely to exhibit ideologically coherent attitudes (Judd & Krosnick, 1989). We find that participants who are instructed to participate in an exercise that requires them to think about how political concepts are related exhibit greater correlations between social- and economic-policy attitudes than nonparticipants and find some evidence that participants’ policy attitudes are more consistent over time. Contrary to expectations, there was no evidence of greater consistency between policy attitudes and underlying values, including party identification.     

Public employees' use of social media: Its impact on need satisfaction and intrinsic work motivation

Although increasing numbers of employees working in public organizations are using social media for work purposes and numerous studies exist on how social media affect organizational outcomes, we have very limited knowledge of how using social media for work purposes affects employees' work motivation. This paper fills this important gap by using self-determination theory (SDT) to analyze how the use of social media for work purposes is associated with government employees' need satisfaction and intrinsic work motivation. According to regression results, employees' use of social media is positively related to employees' need satisfaction (autonomy, relatedness, and competence) and, accordingly, intrinsic work motivation. However, further analysis shows that too much use of social media has an averse effect. Theoretically, this study is one of the pioneer attempts to integrate e-governance with SDT. Practically, we encourage managers to use caution in promoting the use of social media for work purposes. Using social media two to three days a week may be the ideal range.     

Interpersonal cognitive differentiation measures as predictors of written communication ability

Numerous instruments have been proposed to measure interpersonal cognitive differentiation or complexity. Unfortunately, previous research has shown these measures to be only marginally related (O'Keefe & Sypher, 1981). This investigation sought to unravel this methodological tangle by providing further evidence bearing on the comparative validity of several measures of cognitive differentiation as predictors of two written persuasive tasks: a fund‐raising task and a job application letter task. Regression analyses indicated that the Ziller, Martell, and Morrison (1977) self differentiation measure and Crockett's (1965) Role Category Questionnaire were both significantly related and significant predictors of the criterion variables, while Bieri et al.'s (1966) measure was virtually unrelated to any of the study variables.     

The Cognitive Learning Measure: A Three-Study Examination of Validity

Instructional communication scholars have long been interested in creating and testing alternative approaches to measuring cognitive learning. One of the existing measures, the Cognitive Learning Measure (Frisby & Martin, 2010), has not yet been fully validated. This series of three studies examined the factorial and concurrent validity of the scale. Results revealed that a three-factor measurement model was a better fit to the data than the original unidimensional factor model. Concurrent validity was established with respect to student motives, affective learning, student interest, classroom participation, and out-of-class communication with their instructors. The measure is discussed as a viable option for both operationalization of cognitive learning and as a complement to other learning tests.     

The relationships among manager communication openness,nonverbal immediacy,and subordinate motivation

The relationship between managers' communication behaviors (openness and nonverbal immediacy) and subordinates' motivation were examined. Wharton MBA candidates were videotaped participating in an organizational simulation to resolve interpersonal conflict. Subordinates completed self‐report measures regarding openness and motivation; independent coders rated managers' nonverbal immediacy behaviors. Analysis indicated that communication openness was positively and significantly related to motivation, while nonverbal immediacy and motivation was slightly related although not significantly. The positive, yet tentative relationship between openness and immediacy, indicated that these variables occur together. Results of the multiple regression reveals that openness was more predictive of motivation, while immediacy had a more indirect impact.     

A response to criticisms of organizational socialization research: In support of contemporary conceptualizations of organizational assimilation

This essay is a response to a growing body of literature that is critical of tradition conceptualizations of organizational socialization (Bullis, 1993; Clair, 1996; Smith & Turner, 1995). First, it examines how these critics have failed to adequately appreciate conceptual distinctions made by contemporary socialization and assimilation researchers. While recognizing that these scholars have made contributions, it then points to problems in their critiques. Finally, we argue that the study of organizational assimilation would be enhanced by the use of multiple research perspectives rather than by evaluating one perspective as more appropriate than another.     

The relationship between student interest and teacher's use of behavior alteration techniques

Two hundred and nine college students completed surveys that pertained to their perceptions of teacher behaviors (BATs) and their level of interest. Interest was measured using the Frymier, Shulman, and Houser (1996) Learner Empowerment Scale. Not only do the results indicate that pro‐social teacher behaviors are related to increased levels of student interest, but results show that different teacher behaviors are differentially related to the separate dimensions of interest. This supports earlier assertions by Weber, Martin and Patterson (2001) that interest is a multifaceted construct providing teachers with different avenues to influence their students’ affective responses.     

Advocating for controversial issues: The effect of activism on compliance‐gaining strategy likelihood of use

Previous research has demonstrated that compliance‐gaining strategies can he arrayed on an unidimensional continuum, anchored by positive, pro‐social strategies and negative, antisocial strategies (Hunter & Boster, 1987; Rolojf & Barnicott, 1978, 1979). Individual differences, including argumentativeness and verbal aggression (Boster & Levine, 1988), have been shown to affect one's ethical threshold. This ethical threshold is consistent with a Guttman simplex and determines both how many, as well as how antisocial, compliance‐gaining strategies individuals may consider using. Activists, who are highly involved and committed to their cause and who tend to be less verbally aggressive and more argumentative than the general public (Campo, 1999), are likely to have a lower threshold and to use more strategies. This study examines to what extent activism predicts one's ethical threshold, when controlling for the known effects of argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness, and sex. Participants (N = 454) at two separate universities completed a repeated measures questionnaire that asked them to indicate their likelihood of use of 25 separate compliance‐gaining strategies. Based on respondents’ likelihood of use of these 25 strategies, the data were consistent with a Guttman simplex. A multiple regression model was tested, and indicated that one's ethical threshold is directly predicted by level of activism and verbal aggressiveness. Sex and argumentativeness were not found to be significant predictors in this revised model. In addition, activists used more strategies than non‐activists. Implications for advancing research related to activism and compliance‐gaining strategy selection are discussed.     

Modeling the psychometric properties of information manipulation ratings

This paper provides a reanalysis of two large data sets (Jacobs, Dawson & Brashers, 1996a; McCornack, Levine, Solowczuk, Torres, & Campbell, 1992) involved in a recent dispute over the validity of Information Manipulation Theory (IMT) (McCornack, 1992; McCornack et al., 1992). McCornack, Levine, Morrison and Lapinski's (1996) results were consistent with a second‐order factor model predicted by IMT while Jacobs, Brashers and Dawson (1996b) found that the same data were first order multidimensional with quality and honesty ratings loading on the same factor. Because the results of exploratory factor algorithms, especially when coupled with varimax rotations, are suspect when second‐order unidimensionality present, the Jacob et al. (1996b) results are dubious, and published errors may exist. The reanalyses reported here demonstrate that the second order model predicted by IMT provides an excellent fit to the data, while the first order model advanced by Jacobs et al. does not. The curren t results provide further evidence that the use of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with varimax rotations produce erroneous results in the context of second‐order unidimensionality.     

A Longitudinal Analysis of Mergers and Acquisitions Patterns of Radio Companies in the U.S.

This study examined the trends of M&As (mergers and acquisitions) in the radio industry from 1981 through 2002. In terms of method, the study investigated both MUS by radio firms and M&As targeting radio firms, and compared M&A frequency and M&A transaction values. The result showed that (1) although M&A activities have consistently increased, they have recently begun to decrease, (2) the loosening of ownership regulations prompted more M&A activities, and (3) the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 encouraged interindustry M&As by radio firms, while the flow of investments from other industries into the radio industry was not changed by the Act.     

Able but not motivated? The relative effects of happy and sad mood on persuasive message processing

The effects of happy and sad moods on systematic processing are examined in the present study. Research has indicated that positive mood leads to less systematic processing, and negative mood heightens systematic processing. Debate has ensued as to whether persons in a positive mood lack the cognitive ability to process messages systematically (e.g., Worth & Mackie, 1987), or lack the motivation to process systematically (e.g., Bohner et al., 1992). In the present study, it was posited that, consistent with Cialdini's Negative State Relief Model (1973), persons in a positive mood lack the motivation to process, but do not lack the cognitive ability to do so. An experiment was designed to test this motivational hypothesis by varying outcome involvement, message strength, and mood. Contrary to the cognitive inability hypothesis, results indicated that persons in a positive mood do have the cognitive capacity to process systematically, but that message strength is the major predictor of attitude.     

Should I Stay or Go?: Student Identity Gaps,Feelings, and Intent to Leave

This study examined gaps between students’ personal, enacted, relational, and communal identities. The particular interest was students’ intentions to leave the university as a function of their identity gaps, self-esteem, communication satisfaction, motivation, and general affect. Participants (N = 209 undergraduate students) completed self-report measures while reflecting on their communication with others at the university (e.g., faculty, staff, and peers). Results of path analysis models indicated that personal-communal identity gaps are predictive of students’ communication satisfaction, motivation, general affect, and their intentions to leave the university. This predictive ability is enhanced by the presence of personal-relational gaps.     

Development and Validation of the Student Interest and Engagement Scales

A series of studies report the development of empirically derived instruments that measure student interest and engagement. The first study inductively develops an initial item pool through open-ended questionnaire data. A second study subjects the measures to exploratory factor analysis to ascertain an underlying factor structure. The third study deductively tests the measures through confirmatory factor analysis and examines associations among teacher communication behaviors, student emotional and cognitive interest, and engagement. A fourth study offers discriminant validity evidence, suggesting that the new measures are distinct from scales that assess similar yet divergent constructs. Guided by prior theory (Mottet, Frymier, & Beebe, 2006 Mottet, T. P., Frymier, A. B. and Beebe, S. A. 2006. “Theorizing about instructional communication”. In Handbook of instructional communication, Edited by: Mottet, T. P., Richmond, V. P. and McCroskey, J. C. 255–282. Boston, MA: Pearson.  [Google Scholar]) and research (Harp & Mayer, 1997 Harp, S. F. and Mayer, R. E. 1997. The role of interest in learning from scientific text and illustration: On the distinction between emotional interest and cognitive interest. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89: 92–102. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the instruments developed here possess heuristic potential for instructional communication research. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.     

The motivation activation measure and media use in Singapore: cross-cultural stability

The purpose of this paper is twofold: First, it tests how the Motivation Activation Measure [MAM; Lang, A., Bradley, S. D., Sparks Jr, J. V., &; Lee, S. (2007). The motivation activation measure (MAM): How well does MAM predict individual differences in physiological indicators of appetitive and aversive activation? Communication Methods and Measures, 1(2), 113–136] applies in a non-American (i.e. Asian) context, in order to provide evidence for the universality asserted through its theoretical underpinnings as an indicator of biologically based motivation systems. It thus investigates cross-cultural variation in the MAM scores and the associations with established measures of theoretically related personality factors. Second, the paper examines how individual differences in motivational system responsiveness correlate with media use and interests in an Asian culture. Eight hundred sixty-five respondents completed MAM, personality measures and self-reported media preference in an online survey. Findings indicate that the MAM values recorded in the Asian sample associate with the measures of theoretically related human traits as expected, and had a similar pattern of scores with those found in American samples. Moreover, results suggest that audience interests in different types of media can be predicted through their variation in motivation systems activation.     

Determinants of the ineffective use of information resources in scientific and technological activities

This paper reveals and analyses the causes and factors (determinants) that are responsible for insufficient and ineffective use of the national and global flows of scientific and technical information (STI) in research and development (R & D). It is shown that the macroproblem of minimizing the effect of the determinants that are responsible for ineffective use of scientific information resources is complex and has an interdisciplinary nature. This paper also formulates some priority measures to improve the effectiveness of R & D information support.     

The Relationships Between Cognitive Flexibility with Dogmatism,Intellectual Flexibility,Preference for Consistency,and Self-Compassion

This report is a validity study involving the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (Martin & Rubin, 1995 Martin , M. M. , & Rubin , R. B. ( 1995 ). A new measure of cognitive flexibility . Psychological Reports , 76 , 623 – 626 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Participants completed an online questionnaire. As predicted, cognitive flexibility was positively related to measures of intellectual flexibility and self-compassion, and negatively related to a measure of dogmatism. The prediction that cognitive flexibility would be negatively related to preference for consistency was not supported.     

Television and Family Values: Was Dan Quayle Right?

In this article, we explore the extent to which heavy television viewers' beliefs about the real world are consistent with the most repetitive and overarching patterns that television presents, especially in its dramatic entertainment programs. We test the hypothesis (put forth by many besides Dan Quayle) that television encourages viewers to embrace alternatives to the traditional 2-parent family. For purposes of conceptual clarity, we chose to focus on the question of illegitimacy and single parenthood, which is most directly related to the Murphy Brown controversy and is frequently touched on in many strands of political discourse. We reviewed previous research on television portrayal of the family and then used the 1988 and 1994 General Social Surveys (Davis & Smith, 1996) to assess relations between television viewing and judgments about illegitimacy and single parenthood. The data do not contradict Quayle's contention that television viewing is contributing to fraying of traditional family values.     

科研人员论文引用动机及相互影响关系研究

[目的/意义]鉴于当前对于引用动机的研究缺乏一致性的总结和归类,对于不同的引用动机之间的相互影响关系也缺乏研究,根据前人的研究成果归纳出5个重要的引用动机,在将引用动机的类型分为内在引用动机和外在引用动机两类的基础上,检验引用动机对引用行为以及不同的引用动机间的影响关系.[方法/过程]利用量表式问卷对科研人员进行调查,通过结构方程建模的方法对所回收调查问卷进行分析.[结果/结论]科研人员的论文引用行为会受到"知识主张"、"价值感知"、"信息源便利性"、"引用输出"和"引用重要性"等引用动机的影响.从引用动机间的相互影响关系看,内在引用动机--"知识主张"会影响科研人员对"信息源便利性"、"引用输出"和"引用重要性"的感知程度;另一个内在引用动机--"价值感知"会影响科研人员对"引用输出"和"引用重要性"的感知程度.