How computer and Internet use influences mental health: a five-wave latent growth model

The study used a five-wave latent growth model to compare two sets of competing hypotheses about the influence of overall computer and Internet use on mental health. The secondary data set from the Korean Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) with a valid sample size of 2,003 respondents was used for the analysis. The mediating role of friendship–closeness was examined to compare the social augmentation hypothesis with the social displacement hypothesis. The mediating role of academic stress was tested to compare the mood enhancement hypothesis with the problematic Internet use (PIU) model. The study was consistent with the social displacement hypothesis, where a higher initial computer and Internet use predicted a lower initial friendship–closeness, which, in turn, resulted in a faster decrease in mental health. The study provided reconciliation for the mood enhancement hypothesis and the PIU model. Although a higher initial computer and Internet use predicted lower initial mental health levels through academic stress, schoolchildren and adolescents with more computer and Internet use experienced a slower decrease in mental health because of the mediating role of academic stress.     

An investigation of the relationship between cognitive complexity and listener‐adapted communication

This study investigated the hypothesis that dyads composed of two cognitively complex individuals would be more successful at a communication task than would dyads composed of two individuals who are both noncomplex. Another hypothesis was that mixed dyads (one person complex, one noncomplex) would be more effective than noncomplex dyads but not as effective as complex dyads. The data supported the hypotheses. When both members of a dyad were complex or when the complex member of a mixed dyad was the person giving directions, the directions were more effective than when both members are noncomplex or when the noncomplex member of a mixed dyad was giving directions.     

The persistency of the effect on audience attitude of the first versus the second argumentative speech of a series

Using attribution theory and interpersonal attraction literature as a framework, two hypotheses were examined in the present study. The first hypothesis predicted that persons who succeed at a task would tend to perceive their success as internally caused, while failure at a task would tend to be seen as externally caused. Hypothesis two predicted that persons receiving information consistent with their attributional tendency would be more attracted to the information source than would persons receiving attributional information inconsistent with their own attributional tendency. The attribution and attraction data obtained in the experiment supported the two hypotheses.     

An evaluation of the individual versus the group speaking methods of teaching the beginning college speech course∗

Entropy analysis is presented as an alternative measurement technique to the Response Variation Index (RVI) utilized by Goss in his study reported in Speech Monographs. The Goss data were reanalyzed with entropy procedures. The statistical analysis with the entropy techniques indicated confirmation of both research hypotheses whereas the RVI analysis indicated significant differences for only one hypothesis.     

Altmetrics的形成与演进:理论假说、发展阶段及学科关系

[目的/意义] Altmetrics诞生十周年之际，对其前期发展情况进行总结，有助于推动其往积极方向发展。[方法/过程] 利用文献计量方法进行量化研究以展现Altmetrics领域的总体研究和发展情况；从术语变迁、定义等方面揭示其内涵；提出三种理论假说寻求Altmetrics存在合理性的理论支撑；划分不同阶段梳理其发展程度；分析它与其他学科的关系以明确学科属性及价值。[结果/结论] Altmetrics为计量学提供了一种新思维、新方法；开放科学假说、数字学术假说和学术传承假说符合新环境Altmetrics发展的新特点，有效支撑了Altmetrics的存在与发展；Altmetrics发展迅速，但现阶段处于发展初期，且国内外发展程度存在差异；在辨析与其密切相关学科之间关系的基础上，认为需推动Altmetrics自身学科纵深发展以及加强跨学科的合作研究。     

Altmetrics的形成与演进:理论假说、发展阶段及学科关系

[目的/意义] Altmetrics诞生十周年之际，对其前期发展情况进行总结，有助于推动其往积极方向发展。[方法/过程] 利用文献计量方法进行量化研究以展现Altmetrics领域的总体研究和发展情况；从术语变迁、定义等方面揭示其内涵；提出三种理论假说寻求Altmetrics存在合理性的理论支撑；划分不同阶段梳理其发展程度；分析它与其他学科的关系以明确学科属性及价值。[结果/结论] Altmetrics为计量学提供了一种新思维、新方法；开放科学假说、数字学术假说和学术传承假说符合新环境Altmetrics发展的新特点，有效支撑了Altmetrics的存在与发展；Altmetrics发展迅速，但现阶段处于发展初期，且国内外发展程度存在差异；在辨析与其密切相关学科之间关系的基础上，认为需推动Altmetrics自身学科纵深发展以及加强跨学科的合作研究。     

Occupational Users and Uses of the Public Library

Three hypotheses concerning public library users and uses are proposed: the general hypothesis is that the library user's principal occupation or lack of one has a major bearing on the way one uses the local public library. More specifically, (1) the degree to which any occupational group is dependent on recorded knowledge and information is correlated with its library use; (2) the work related library use increases with the level of independent decision making authority and responsibility in the work; (3) for those employed, work is the most compelling of all reasons for library use.     

Relative Constancy Hypothesis,Structural Pluralism,and National Advertising Expenditures

I studied the development of advertising within the national economy. Contrary to the relative constancy hypothesis, time-series analysis of aggregate-level data generally support my hypotheses that expenditures on advertising as a proportion of the national income increased from the 19th to the 20th century and that structural pluralism, not just national income, predicts absolute changes in advertising expenditures. I argue that the need for information and advertising grows as a social system becomes more structurally pluralistic and that general economic conditions (i.e., national income) alone are insufficient to explain changes in relative and absolute spending.     

IMPACT OF QUESTION ORDER ON THE THIRD-PERSON EFFECT

A nationwide telephone survey in the United States was conductedto investigate the impact of question order on the perceptualand behavioral hypotheses of the third-person effect. The perceptualhypothesis posits that individuals perceive other people tobe more vulnerable than themselves to persuasive media messages,whereas the behavioral hypothesis predicts that perceiving othersas more vulnerable increases support for message restrictions.Key questions included estimated effects of media issues onself, perceived effects on others, and support for restrictionson media content. Four question-order condition (restrictions—others-self,restrictions-self-others, others-self-restrictions, and self—others—restrictions)were tested with three media issues (television violence, televisedtrials, and negative political advertising). In line with pastresearch, the order of the self, others, and restrictions questionsdid not affect the perceptual hypothesis. However, the sequencingof the self, others, and restrictions questions affected supportfor the behavioral hypothesis in some conditions. The resultssuggest that, consistent with a saliency effect, placement ofself and others questions prior to the restrictions questionmight heighten respondents' willingness to endorse restrictionson the media and increase support for the behavioral hypothesis.     

An analysis of attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of intentions and behavior

A questionnaire was developed to test the hypothesis that an individual's intention to perform a given behavior is a function of (a) his attitude toward performing that behavior and/or (b) his normative beliefs about what others think he should do, weighted by his motivation to comply with those others. It was also hypothesized that an individual's beliefs about the consequences of performing the behavior, weighted by his evaluation of those consequences, should be highly related to his attitude toward performing that behavior. Both hypotheses were supported. In addition, it was found that specificity of the attitude measure was a crucial mediator of the attitude‐intention relationship.     

Document Delivery at a Veterinary Medical Library

The purpose of this study is to assess the use of document delivery services provided for primary clientele of the Veterinary Medical Library at Auburn University. This study describes and quantifies external library use patterns of the College of Veterinary Medicine faculty, staff and students, for a twelve-month period, though an analysis of the library's courier and interlibrary loan services. Three hypotheses are tested: (1) the majority of courier and interlibrary loan requests are for serials; (2) most serial requests are for nonveterinary journals; and (3) the demand for interlibrary loan and courier services follows a non-random pattern of distribution, i.e., the numbers of requests per month are unequal. The first two hypotheses are confirmed. Of the 2,376 requests for library materials external to VML, 2,197 (92%) are for serials; of the serials requests 1,608 (73%) are for nonveterinary journals. The third hypothesis is also confirmed. The chi square predicates a nonrandom distribution of requests by month. This study defines the nature of veterinary research as interdisciplinary. Findings identify collection weaknesses and requirements for new acquisitions.     

Predicting Book Circulation by Subject in a University Library

The purpose of this paper was to identify and measure variables in the academic environment which best predict (estimate) circulation of monographs by academic subjects. Fall 1974 circulation at the University of Southwestern Louisiana was the dependent variable. Academic department was the unit of analysis. Subjects were defined as sixty-three academic departments including one miscellaneous category. The subject of each circulated book was categorized in one of the sixty-three. Twelve independent variables were identified: the hard/soft, pure/applied, and life/nonlife characteristics; credit hours, lower-level course enrollments, upper-level course enrollments, master's-level enrollments, Ph.D. -level enrollments, shelflist, Ph.D. program, master's program, and bachelor's program. Three linear regression hypotheses were formulated: a full twelve-variable hypothesis, an eleven-variable hypothesis excluding shelflist, and a three-variable subject-characteristic hypothesis. For the full 12-variable hypothesis, only shelflist, master's-level enrollments, hard/soft, and upper-level enrollments, in that order, were significant, accounting for 76% of the variance. This was called the shelflist model. For the eleven-variable hypothesis without shelflist, only credit hours, hard/soft, and upper-level enrollments, in that order, were significant, accounting for 60% of the variance. This was called the nonshelflist model. For the three-variable subject-characteristic hypothesis, onyl pure/applied and hard/soft, in that oder, were significant, accounting for 26% of the variance. Regression equations for estimating circulation were formulated. Estimates are given using the shelflist model.     

News in an Age of Competition: The Case of Sensationalism in Dutch Television News, 1995–2001

Recent years have seen changing and shifting technologies as well as an uncertain economic climate. This research focuses on how audiences have reacted to these shifts, using a number of different sources of data to test hypotheses related to spending time and money on media. We suggest that previous studies examining audience expenditures and diffusion of new technologies may have overlooked the stressful economic conditions surrounding diffusion of some of those technologies. We find an increase in entertainment technology purchases as well as time spent with new and traditional media during recession years, beyond that indicated by the longer term trends. While there is a general decrease in coviewing behavior in recent years, the recession years reversed the trend. Results are discussed in terms of the constancy hypothesis and our hypothesis that the media provide outlets for reducing stress during difficult economic times.     

A Social Cognitive Theory Approach to the Effects of Mediated Intergroup Contact on Intergroup Attitudes

This research applies a social cognitive theory perspective to the study of mediated intergroup contact. It was hypothesized that exposure to positive intergroup contact on television would be associated with more positive intergroup attitudes. Some support for this hypothesis was found for exposure to gay-straight and Black-White interactions. It was also hypothesized that identification with a character belonging to the viewer's ingroup and perceived typicality of a character from an outgroup would be associated with more positive intergroup attitudes. Some support for these hypotheses emerged with regard to associations between exposure to televised gay-straight interactions and homophobic attitudes.     

Is It a Small Publishing World After All?: Media Monopolization of the Children's Book Market, 1992-1995

This study considers how the trend toward media conglomeratization affected the little-studied industry that provided books to millions of children between 1992 and 1995. Two hypotheses are proposed that test different aspects of competitive market theory. The first predicts that the size of the publisher' s ultimate parent company will influence sales, and the second predicts that children's books that have ties with other media products will sell more copies than books that have no such ties. The second hypothesis is supported and the implications for the concentration of this segment of the publishing industry are discussed. In particular, this question is asked: In an environment of continuing media concentration, where are the measurable effects of that concentration in this market?     

A Tutorial on Testing,Visualizing, and Probing an Interaction Involving a Multicategorical Variable in Linear Regression Analysis

Empirical communication scholars and scientists in other fields regularly use regression models to test moderation hypotheses. When the independent variable X and moderator M are dichotomous or continuous, the practice of testing a linear moderation hypothesis using regression analysis by including the product of X and M in a model of dependent variable Y is widespread. However, many research designs include multicategorical independent variables or moderators, such as in an experiment with three or more versions of a stimulus where participants are randomly assigned to one of them. Researchers are less likely to receive training about how to properly test a moderation hypothesis using regression analysis in such a situation. In this tutorial, we explain how to test, visualize, and probe interactions involving a multicategorical variable using linear regression analysis. While presenting and discussing the fundamentals—fundamentals that are not software specific—we emphasize the use of the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS, as it greatly simplifies the computations and potential for error that exists when doing computations by hand or using spreadsheets based on formulas in existing books on this topic. We also introduce an iterative computational implementation of the Johnson-Neyman technique for finding regions of significance of the effect of a multicategorical independent variable when the moderator is continuous.     

网站质量,用户感知及技术采纳行为的实证研究

本文以个体消费者为研究对象,从电子商务网站质量出发,结合用户的感知因素,在理论分析框架的基础上,构建了面向电子商务网站的技术采纳行为模型并提出了相应的研究假设.通过调查问卷收集样本,利用spss 软件对问卷进行了信度效度分析,采用结构方程模型软件Lisrel 对研究假设进行了检验.实证结果显示,网站质量的三个维度是影响用户的感知有用性和感知易用性的重要因素;感知娱乐对态度的影响是显著的;信任对态度和行为意向存在直接影响,而感知风险通过信任对态度和行为意向存在间接影响.     

The Influence of Media Type on the Perceived Influence of Media Contents and on the Support to Restrict Controversial Messages

The aim of this study was to explore the intersection between Medium Theory (MT) and Third-Person Effect (TPE) and evaluate how the research on MT can further our knowledge of the TPE. The study has proven that the perceptual hypothesis of the TPE is confirmed in different media contents and across media types (TV and the Internet) and that media type has an impact on the magnitude of the TPE. In addition, media type can also be a requisite for TPE to occur. On the other hand, the study shows that media type can have an influence on people’s support to restrict controversial content, in particular, pornography.     

Success Factors of Cable Network Brand Extension: Focusing on the Parent Network,Composition, Fit,Consumer Characteristics,and Viewing Habits

This study suggested a total of 7 hypotheses regarding variables affecting viewers' attitudes toward cable network brand extension. The regression analysis showed that 5 of the 7 hypotheses were accepted. Specifically, parent brand attitude, brand portfolio quality variance, the number perception of sub-brands, perceived fit, and innovativeness were found to significantly affect brand extension attitudes while parent brand familiarity and channel repertoire were shown not to be significant. Also, gender and income were found to affect brand extension attitude.