国外教师评价观研究及启示

教师的评价观作为教师观念的重要分支,成了当今世界各国学生评价改革中倍受关注的主题。国外围绕教师评价观的类型和结构、影响教师评价观形成的因素、教师评价观与评价实践的关系、教师评价观与学生评价观的比较展开了研究,获得了数量较为丰富的实证发现。然而尽管已有的研究成绩斐然,但仍存在着有待进一步开拓与深入研究的问题。分析这些问题对我国教师评价观研究的主要启示是:一方面需要全面拓展研究领域,另一方面应综合使用多种研究方法。     

Formative assessment and teaching practice: the point of view of Italian teachers

Over the years the debate on the aims, approaches, and impacts of formative assessment has never stopped to grow. Parallel to this growth is the awareness that it is crucial to understand what conceptions teachers have of assessment in order to guarantee more effective teacher education. This paper tries to connect these two fields of research: formative assessment and teacher education through an analysis of teachers’ conceptions: What do teachers think about assessment? What aims do they pursue through it? Do teachers really distinguish between formative and summative assessment? On the backdrop of the formative assessment literature, the article reports on an exploratory research study. Limitations and issues are analysed in order to shed light on teacher education implication and on future educational research paths in the educational assessment field.     

Factors relating to regular education teacher burnout in inclusive education

The aims of the research were to identify the environmental factors that relate to the work of regular school teachers who have students with special needs in their classroom, and to find out the correlation between these factors and teacher burnout. A total 330 primary school teachers filled in a questionnaire that had three parts: (1) personal background data; (2) the Friedman’s burnout questionnaire; and (3) environmental features typical of the work of school teachers that include students with special needs in their classroom, in four areas: psychological features, organizational, structural and social. Results show that the background data that related significantly to burnout was teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion. The more positive the attitude was, the more the teacher experienced burnout in the category of self‐fulfilment. This finding was contrary to the hypothesis of the research. Two other background variables were found to relate to the de‐personalization aspect of burnout, teaching higher‐grade students and having an additional administrative role in school. Two other findings that were found to correlate with higher burnout rates were the number of students with special needs in class (more than 20%) and very little assistance provided to the teacher. Three environmental factors were found to have negative correlation with burnout: the organizational factor, the psychological and the social, with the latter being the most significantly negatively correlated with burnout—i.e. the less social support the teacher experienced, the higher was her level of burnout.     

Predicting teacher burnout as a function of school characteristics and irrational beliefs

Irrational beliefs have been linked to negative unhealthy emotions that can contribute to occupational burnout. Maladaptive cognitive schemas, such as irrational beliefs, are theorized to interfere with an appraisal of the perceived balance of resources and demands. The aim of the current study is to investigate the extent to which irrational beliefs account for occupational burnout among high school teachers when considering school resources, job demands, and teacher characteristics. A sample of 79 high school teachers, primarily from New York and New Jersey, completed self‐report questionnaires measuring burnout, the perception of school demands and availability of resources, and irrational beliefs. Among school‐based characteristics, correlational analyses indicated that burnout was positively related to school demands (i.e., student disrespect and student lack of attentiveness) and negatively related to school resources (i.e., support from the administration and colleagues), supporting previous research findings. Among teacher characteristics, burnout was negatively related to self‐efficacy and positively related to irrational beliefs. Results from regression analyses indicated that, whereas irrational beliefs were predictive of teacher burnout, they did not moderate the relationship between demands and burnout. Implications, limitations, and directions for future directions for research are discussed.     

The relationship between teacher self-concept,teacher efficacy and burnout

Teacher self-concept and efficacy have been investigated with burnout separately, while the two self-beliefs might work together to impact burnout. Guided by a model of the cyclical nature of teacher efficacy, we aimed to extend previous work on self-perceived predictors of teacher burnout by simultaneously investigating teacher self-concept and efficacy to detect the possibility of teacher efficacy being a mediator between teacher self-concept and burnout as well as whether such relationship remains constant across all groups of teachers with different gender and teaching experience. A sample of 1892 teachers across seven Chinese geographical regions completed a self-reported questionnaire addressing self-concept, efficacy, burnout and demographic variables. Structural equation modelling indicated that teacher self-concept influenced the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment via teacher efficacy. Further multi-group analysis suggested that this mechanism worked equally across different gender and teaching experience groups. With a non-western teacher sample, teacher efficacy was found to work as a mediator between teacher self-concept and burnout. The finding especially contributes to the knowledge in the teacher efficacy literature. The integrated relationship should be further explored in other cultures.     

教师职业倦怠问题研究综述

职业倦怠表现为情绪、态度和行为的衰退状态,直接导致出现情绪衰竭、去人性化和低成就感。职业倦怠现象的出现,对教师的身心健康、学生的发展都会产生重大的影响,也使新课程改革面临着巨大的挑战。教师职业倦怠作为一种社会现象,从目前的研究结果看,呈现出一定的地域差异。立足于已有的研究成果,试图对此做一综述,为研究我国教师的职业倦怠状况、提高教师的职业生活质量、提高教育教学质量、促进新课改的实施等提供参考。     

Reducing teacher burnout: A socio-contextual approach

The aim of this study was to examine the interrelation between teachers' proactive strategies and perceived teacher–working environment fit that would be mediated by the socio-contextual burnout experience. Altogether 2310 Finnish teachers completed the study's survey. The results indicate that teachers can learn the kinds of strategies that allow them to reduce burnout and construct a better working environment fit. Both the learning and use of the strategies is highly embedded in a school's social interactions.     

An emotion focused approach in predicting teacher burnout and job satisfaction

This study aimed to find out the correlations between in-service teachers’ emotional, burnout and job satisfaction in Turkey. To this end, the Teacher Emotion Inventory (TEI), Job Satisfaction Questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory were administered to 564 in-service teachers in a wide range of disciplines. According to confirmatory factor analysis, the five-factor model of TEI was successfully confirmed within the current study. In addition, joy and love dimensions exhibited positive correlations with job satisfaction. The love and fear dimensions significantly predicted job satisfaction with a medium effect. Love, sadness, and fear dimensions significantly predicted teachers’ burnout with a medium effect.     

Conceptions of Counselling Among Chinese Secondary School Teachers in Hong Kong

One hundred and four Chinese secondary school teachers in Hong Kong were assessed on their conceptions of counselling using a 30-item self-report checklist. Based on these teachers’ highest ratings on the three positions of each of the ten issues, it could be inferred that these teachers believe most strongly that a healthy personality is an important predictor of good counselling, that counsellors should integrate theories in their work, and that counselling should focus on the present. While there were few teacher subgroup differences, it was noteworthy that teachers involved in guidance work endorsed a humanistic orientation when compared with teachers with no such involvement. Implications of the findings for improved counselling training for teachers are discussed.     

Teachers’ role in curriculum design in Portuguese schools

Teachers’ role in curriculum design is a broad question that inspires political educational reforms among European countries, a trend that even extends to higher education politics. The perspective on teachers’ role in curriculum, both at the level of the policies and of the practices, shapes recent educational reforms in Portugal. These are the concerns underlying our research that intends to substantiate school teachers’ involvement in curriculum development as it is experienced by them, and while comparing their views to the roles they are attributed in the political and academic dominant discourses. To reach teachers’ perceptions, we distributed questionnaires which were completed by 214 teachers in primary and secondary schools. We could conclude that the enactment of a professional identity on the basis of teacher assumption of their role as real curriculum designers is still far from being achieved.     

莎士比亚的君主思想刍议

莎士比亚在其伟大的创作生涯中表现出了对君主的浓厚兴趣,创作了多部以君主名字命名的戏剧作品。在这些戏剧本中莎翁阐释了君主要以国家利益至上、要有随时制宜的道德准则的君主思想。但与马基雅维里君主思想的直白而具有乐观倾向相比,莎翁所流露出的却是含蓄而悲愤的思想倾向,二有异曲同工之妙。     

Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations

The purpose of this study was partly to test the factor structure of a recently developed Norwegian scale for measuring teacher self-efficacy and partly to explore relations between teachers' perception of the school context, teacher self-efficacy, collective teacher efficacy, teacher burnout, teacher job satisfaction, and teachers' beliefs that factors external to teaching puts limitations to what they can accomplish. Participants were 2249 Norwegian teachers in elementary school and middle school. The data were analyzed by means of structural equation modelling using the AMOS 7 program. Teacher self-efficacy, collective efficacy and two dimensions of burnout were differently related both to school context variables and to teacher job satisfaction.     

Burning out during the practicum: the case of teacher trainees

The purpose of the present study was to empirically examine the link between practicum-related stressors, perceived general practicum stress, personal variables (i.e. general and teaching self-efficacy, epistemological beliefs, conceptions about teaching and learning, and trait anxiety) and burnout dimensions in a sample of 174 Greek student teachers, immediately after the completion of their practicum. In addition, the study sought to identify the best predictive combination of the studied variables for each burnout dimension. Participants who reported high general practicum stress indicated moderate levels of emotional exhaustion, but low depersonalisation and high personal accomplishment. Statistically significant correlates of burnout dimensions were used in three regression analyses. Results revealed that emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment were predicted by practicum workload, whereas depersonalisation was predicted by teachers’ epistemological beliefs (i.e. learning process) and practicum-related stressors (i.e. meeting pupils’ needs). The present study contributes to the limited body of existing evidence on burnout in student teachers. The results are discussed in terms of both theoretical and practical implications.     

高职教师的职业倦怠与工作压力的关系研究

近年来,大力发展职业教育的号角已经吹响。高职作为职业教育的“领头羊”,其教师的工作状态备受关注。同时,教师工作压力和职业倦怠问题是近年来心理学界研究的焦点之一。因此,研究高职教师职业倦怠与工作压力的关系,对高职教育的健康发展大有裨益。     

职业院校青年教师职业倦怠表现形式及预防途径浅析

职业倦怠是青年教师中普遍存在的现象,表现为衰竭、沮丧和怠慢。职业倦怠原因多样,可归结为社会因素、学校因素和个人因素。职业倦怠在职业院校青年教师领域中较为多见,表现形式也不尽相同。可通过健全管理机制、合理分配时间、重建教师认知、增加心理辅导、提高就业情感、增设进修机会进行心理上和身体上的预防,从而有效缓解职业院校青年教师职业倦怠的现象。     

高校教师工作倦怠分析

高校教师工作倦怠表现为心理疲劳、消极工作及成就感差。通过对高校教师工作特点和处境的考察以及对高校教师需求层次的特征分析,得出高校教师需求集中于较高层次之结论。建议通过提高高校人力资源管理水平,对于造成高校教师工作倦怠的多种原因进行科学的分析和处理,以及营造和谐的日常工作氛围等手段矫治高校教师工作倦怠。     

Conceptions of ‘research’ and their gendered impact on research activity: a UK case study

ABSTRACT

The last twenty years have seen an increased emphasis around the world on the quality and quantity of research in response to national research assessments, international league tables, and changes in government funding. The prevailing attitude in higher education embeds research as the ‘gold standard’ in the context of academic activity. However, a key feature of this trend is significant gender differences in research activity. We argue that research productivity is related to identification as a researcher, and that identifying as ‘research-active’ or not would appear to depend upon how an individual academic subjectively defines ‘research’. This article brings together two hitherto separate bodies of work (1) the impact of gender on academic research careers, and (2) academic conceptions of research. Through a combination of interviews, focus groups and questionnaires, we investigate the extent to which interpretations of ‘research’ and ‘research activity’ differ by gender within an institution in the UK and the potential impact of these interpretations. Although the research found that there are many similarities in the interpretations of ‘research activity’ between genders, we found one important difference between male and female participants’ conceptions of research and its relationship to teaching. Significantly, our findings suggest that there is a need to expand our existing conceptualisations of ‘research’ to include ‘research as scholarship’ in order to address the obstacles that current understandings of ‘research’ have placed on some academics. Self-definition as a researcher underlies research activity. A narrow conception of ‘research’ may prevent individuals from identifying as ‘research-active’ and therefore engaging with research.     

Alternative Conceptions in Biology-Related Topics of Integrated Science Teachers and Implications for Teacher Education

This paper reports a study of the alternative conceptions held by junior secondary science teachers enrolled in an in-service teacher training program. The subjects completed a written instrument which probed their understanding of biological concepts in the integrated science curriculum. The subjects, particularly the nonbiology graduates, were found to show serious misunderstanding in concepts concerning diversity of life, photosynthesis and respiration, reproduction, and detecting the environment. This finding supports the assertion that our science teachers, being graduates in specific areas, are inadequately prepared to teach a broad and balanced junior science curriculum. To strengthen the subject matter knowledge and pedagogical skills of prospective and practicing junior science teachers, a number of provisions are suggested for teacher training programs, undergraduate science courses, and school-based activities.     

A Cross-College Age Study of Science and Nonscience Students' Conceptions of Basic Astronomy Concepts in Preservice Training for High-School Teachers

A questionnaire of 19 questions given to a total of 433 students in college preservice training for future high-school teachers showed that science and nonscience majors held a series of misconceptions on several central topics in basic astronomy.