Mother-child and father-child mutually responsive orientation in the first 2 years and children's outcomes at preschool age: mechanisms of influence.

Mechanisms accounting for the effects of mutually responsive orientation (MRO) at 7, 15, and 25 months in 102 mother-child and father-child dyads on child internalization and self-regulation at 52 months were examined. Two mediators at 38 months were tested: parental power assertion and child self-representation. For mother-child relationships, the causal pathway involving power assertion was supported for both outcomes. Diminished power assertion fully mediated beneficial effect of mother-child MRO on internalization and partially mediated its effect on self-regulation. For father-child relationships, MRO predicted self-regulation, but the mediational paths were unsupported. Paternal power assertion correlated negatively with both outcomes but was not a mediator. Although MRO with both parents correlated with child self-representation, and it correlated with self-regulation, this mediational path was unsupported.     

Mother-child discourse, attachment security, shared positive affect, and early conscience development

The separate literatures on parental discipline, maternal discourse about emotion, and autobiographical memory support the idea that parent-child discourse in the context of a supportive relationship plays a role in a child's early conscience development, and this study was designed to examine this issue. Forty-two preschool children and their mothers took part in a 45-min structured laboratory session, and at their homes, mothers completed the Attachment Q-Set. As part of the laboratory session, each mother was asked to discuss with her child one incident that occurred within the last week in which her child behaved well and one in which her child misbehaved. These conversations were transcribed verbatim and coded for maternal references to feelings, rules, consequences of the child's actions, and moral evaluatives. Each child also took part in a behavioral measure of internalization and several compliance tasks, and mothers completed a maternal report of the child's early conscience development. Consistent with attachment theory, attachment security predicted maternal and child references to feelings and moral evaluatives. Attachment security, shared positive affect between the mother and child, and maternal references to feelings and moral evaluatives also predicted specific aspects of early conscience development.     

The development of children at familial risk for dyslexia: Birth to early school age

Children at risk for familial dyslexia (n = 107) and their controls (n = 93) have been followed from birth to school entry in the Jyvaskyla Longitudinal study of Dyslexia (JLD) on developmental factors linked to reading and dyslexia. At the point of school entry, the majority of the at-risk children displayed decoding ability that fell at least 1 SD below the mean of the control group. Measures of speech processing were the earliest indices to show both group differences in infancy and also significant predictive associations with reading acquisition. A number of measures of language, including phonological and morphological skill collected repeatedly from age three, revealed group differences and predictive correlations. Both the group differences and the predictive associations to later language and reading ability strengthened as a function of increasing age. The predictions, however, tend to be stronger and the spectrum of significant correlations wider in the at-risk group. These results are crucial to early identification and intervention of dyslexia in at-risk children.     

Mother-child conflict in the toddler years: lessons in emotion,morality, and relationships

Sixty-three mother-toddler dyads took part in a 6-month prospective study that examined how differences in the frequency and nature of early mother-toddler conflict related to individual differences in children's subsequent socioemotional development. When the children were 30 months, mothers and children participated in a series of laboratory tasks and in a 1.5-hr unstructured home observation. All episodes of verbal conflict between mothers and their children were identified from these sessions, transcribed, and coded for certain elements (e.g., strategy, discussion of emotion, and resolution). At 36 months, children participated in measures of emotional understanding, social competence, and early conscience development. Mothers' use of justification, resolution, and mitigation in conflict at 30 months predicted high levels of socioemotional development at age 3. These findings suggest that conflict may be an important context for children's socioemotional development.     

论我国学堂乐歌的产生与发展

西洋音乐文化的大规模传入,使中国传统音乐发生了深刻变化并形成了新的发展态势。中华民国建立后,教育当局规定“乐歌”课为学校的必修课,并提出对青少年进行“美育”教育,学校唱歌成为当时社会文化生活中的一种新风尚。学堂乐歌的产生和发展,标志着我国民主主义新文化在音乐领域里露出了幼芽。为后来音乐文化的普及及群众歌曲形式的确立发展奠定了基础．     

Maternal parenting and children's conscience: early security as moderator

Socialization research is shifting from direct links between parenting and children's outcomes toward models that consider parenting in the context of other factors. This study proposed that the effects of maternal responsive, gentle parenting on child conscience are moderated by the quality of their relationship, specifically, early security. A 2-process model of early conscience development was proposed and confirmed in this longitudinal study. The child's security and trust in the caregiver, assessed at 14 months in the Strange Situation, rendered him or her receptive and eager to accept the caregiver's socialization agenda. That early security then enhanced the effectiveness of parental adaptive parenting style, observed from 14 to 45 months, in terms of promoting conscience at 56 months, which encompassed moral conduct, moral cognition, and moral self.     

Continuity in early childhood education: transition from pre-school to school

Entrance to Primary School seems to be one of the most difficult and important changes in early childhood education. In this study it is examined the extent to which the differences between home or nursery school and primary school may cause difficulties to children in their psychological adjustment to the first grade of schooling. It is also investigated to see if some pedagogical strategies can make smoother the child's transition to school. The research was conducted in Greece during the period 1992–1993. Subjects were 75 nursery teachers, 566 first grade primary school teachers and 566 parents with first grade children. All subjects completed a questionnaire in which they evaluated the differences between home and primary school and between nursery school and primary school, as well as some pedagogical strategies. The results are presented in the tables I-IV. It seems that the differences between the environment in which the child lives before school and the primary school environment are so different that entrance to school is problematic for the child's adjustment. Some pedagogical strategies, however, may make smoother the children's passing from pre-school to school.     

学校发展的战略定位与特色设计

战略定位与特色设计是学校发展的首要问题。运用SWOT分析法对学校生存和发展环境进行战略 分析,可拓展思路,认识自我。学校发展的战略选择意在找突破口,走特色路,其主要模式有四种:目标优化 模式、内容优化模式、方法优化模式和系统优化模式。     

Differential exposure to early childhood education services and mother–toddler interaction

This study examined the associations of exposure to early childhood education (ECE) services upon 2.5-year-old children's task persistence and enthusiasm and their mothers’ authoritative and authoritarian behavior and support stimulation. Families participated in the Infant Health and Development Program, an eight-site randomized comprehensive ECE to enhance the development of low birth weight, premature infants. Exposure was measured for 269 families who received at least one home visit and 1 day at the Child Development Center (CDC): 131 with lower exposure (64 ± 11.6 home visits and 206 ± 53 CDC days) and 138 with higher exposure (67 ± 9.2 home visits and 301 ± 21 CDC days). These two groups were compared to the follow-up group (540 with no exposure). Compared to no exposure, high exposure was associated with greater child enthusiasm and persistence and maternal support stimulation. Infant and mother test scores and temperament/depression scores, child's sex, and ethnicity were examined as moderators. Compared to no exposure, high exposure was related to maternal authoritative behavior toward girls, less authoritarian behavior for mothers with lower PPVT scores, and greater task enthusiasm from Black children.     

All-day recordings to investigate vocabulary development: A case study of a trilingual toddler

Major innovations are becoming available for research in language development and disorders. Among these innovations, recent tools allow naturalistic recording in children's homes and automated analysis to facilitate representative sampling. The present study employed all-day recordings during the second year of life in a child exposed to three languages, using a fully-wearable battery-powered recorder, with automated analysis to locate appropriate time periods for coding. This method made representative sampling possible, and afforded the opportunity for a case study indicating that language spoken directly to the child had dramatically more effect on vocabulary learning than audible language not spoken to the child, as indicated by chi-square analyses of the child's verbal output and input in each of the languages. The work provides perspective on the role of learning words by overhearing in childhood, and suggests the value of representative naturalistic sampling as a means of research on vocabulary acquisition.     

From discipline to responsibility training: A humanistic orientation for the school

Angry, alienated, and affluent high school students are no longer either motivated or contained by the more traditional “care, custody, control, conformity” curriculum. These adolescents respond positively to a humanistic relevant, and realistic educational philosophy which stresses the worth and dignity of students, an appreciation of individual differences, and a recognition of their inherent rights regarding self-determination and freedom of choice. A nine-step discipline process, which can become a profound learning experience for potentially disruptive students, provides numerous opportunities to become more responsible and to adopt more productive behavior for those who move through the system.     

从学校向工作的过渡:不同年龄组的过渡有多难?

<正>■在OECD国家中,绝大多数人在20-24岁之间完成了从学校到工作的过渡,但是13%的15-19岁群体已经离开学校。■对于未受过高中教育的年轻人来说,从学校向工作的过渡更加困难。在OECD国家中,20-24岁既未就业也未在接受教育或培训(neither employed nor in education or Training,缩写NEET)的群体中,平均有36%的人未受过高中教育,而在这一年龄段中仅有18%的人就业。■仍在接受教育的年轻人的读写和计算能力更高。在受教育和未在受教育的人在技能上的差     

Effects of transition from elementary school to junior high school on early adolescents' self-esteem and perceived competence

Early adolescents' self-esteem and perceived competence in the cognitive, social, and physical domains were examined across the transition from elementary school to junior high school. Self-esteem and perceived social and physical competence were either stable or increased for most children. Cognitive competence was unchanged. It was concluded that, in general, early adolescents' perceptions of self-esteem and competence are not adversely affected by the transition.     

Mother-child conversations about pictures and objects: referring to categories and individuals

The distinction between individuals (e.g., Rin-Tin-Tin) and categories (e.g., dogs) is fundamental in human thought. Two studies examined factors that influence when 2- to 3-year-old children and adults focus on individuals versus categories. Mother-child dyads were presented with pictures and toys (e.g., a picture of a boat or a toy boat). Conversations were coded for references to generic categories ("Dogs are furry"), ostensive labels ("This is a dog"), or specific individuals ("Lassie"). Overall, pictures generated more talk about categories; objects generated more talk about individuals. However, when objects could not be manipulated, speakers expressed relatively more category references. These results suggest that representations (in the form of pictures or objects-on-display) encourage young children and parents alike to think about categories.     

Effects of age at school entry (ASE) on the development of non-cognitive skills: Evidence from psychometric data

We identify effects of age at school entry (ASE) on the development of child temperament. Our analysis is based on psychometric measures from a longitudinal cohort study of children in the Rhine-Neckar region in central Germany. In children with a higher ASE due to a birthday late in the year, we find more favorable outcomes with respect to several temperamental dimensions: these children are more persistent and less often hyperactive. The findings are robust if we control for the respective temperamental dimension before entering school. We also show that the ASE effect on persistence is stable over time by comparing the children at age eight and age eleven, after the children have entered Germany's segregated secondary-school tracks. At age eleven, we additionally find significant ASE effects on adaptability to change. Overall, the results point to a high degree of malleability in the considered non-cognitive skills after school entrance. By contrast, we do not find a significant effect of ASE on cognitive skills as measured by IQ.     

The Fukuyama Profile in Germany: A valuable contribution to vocational orientation in school

Conclusion The few references to a possible increase of scholastic effort in furthering the development of a student's ability to choose methodically among occupations through working with the Fukuyama Profile are concentrated on the dimension of vocational knowledge which, in distinction to attitudes and intrinsic values, can probably be influenced directly and at short notice. Also the respect and intensively planned use of the Fukuyama Profile could be primarily of use in the area of cognitive factors in the methodical choice among occupations. This limitation however is valid for almost all efforts made during lessons to promote the methodical choice among occupations.The objective and contents of the Fukuyama Profile correspond extensively with the plan of teaching for the Secondary General Schools and Intermediate Schools, or at least it proposed a useful supplement.The range and content of the four page summary sheet could be a source of problems. The results should be shown in a way which would be easier for the students to understand and which would give more information in a more attractive way. Nevertheless, it must be stressed that both teachers and students welcomed the use of the Fukuyama Profile in connection with the other media and materials used during lessons in vocational guidance. The way of handling and dealing with the Program was described by teachers and students as being pleasant and easy. The style of the Fukuyama Profile on the screen of the personal computer and its way of use were not subject to criticism.The results of the student questionnaires show a whole series of allusions to promoting and working with the Fukuyama Profile within the schools to increase students' abilities to choose methodically among professions.     

新传媒时代电大校报的定位与发展

随着新闻体制改革的不断深入和网络媒体的迅速普及。和普通高校校园媒体多元化趋势日益明显相伴．电大校报也受到冲击。在新媒体时代背景下,电大校报如何定位,如何发挥平面媒体的优势拓展自身的发展空间．如何正视自身存在的问题。在与电子媒体相互融合、协调发展的同时扩大新闻信息容量、增强校报的可读性和吸引力,如何在适应电大现代远程教育的发展中形成自身优势和特色,是我们必须要思考的问题。     

落实科学发展观 明确办学定位 以特色求发展

党的十六届三中全会明确提出的“以人为本,全面、协调、可持续”的科学发展观既为高等教育提供了新的发展机遇和空间,又提出了高等教育如何发展的问题。高校在发展的过程中必然会遇到“建设什么样的大学”和“如何建设这样的大学”的问题,即高校的办学定位问题。高校办学定位必须以科学发展观为指导,以人为本,把发展看作是全面、协调、可持续的过程,保证高校教育规模、质量、结构、效益内在统一协调发展。