核心素养理念下的课程目标嬗变研究

新中国成立以来,我国基础教育的课程目标主要经历了从双基到三维目标再到核心素养的变化.本文论述了这三种目标提出的时代背景、内涵特征、价值取向以及相互的关系,并以中学化学教学为例,从目标设计、内容呈现以及方式选择等方面,阐述不同取向的目标对教学实践的影响,旨在通过梳理课程改革中目标的走向,进一步深化素养导向下的课程改革.     

Chemistry inside an epistemological community box! Discursive exclusions and inclusions in Swedish National tests in Chemistry

This study examined the Swedish national tests in chemistry for implicit and explicit values. The chemistry subject is understudied compared to biology and physics and students view chemistry as their least interesting science subject. The Swedish national science assessments aim to support equitable and fair evaluation of students, to concretize the goals in the chemistry syllabus and to increase student achievement. Discourse and multimodal analyses, based on feminist and critical didactic theories, were used to examine the test’s norms and values. The results revealed that the chemistry discourse presented in the tests showed a traditional view of science from the topics discussed (for example, oil and metal), in the way women, men and youth are portrayed, and how their science interests are highlighted or neglected. An elitist view of science emerges from the test, with distinct gender and age biases. Students could interpret these biases as a message that only “the right type” of person may come into the chemistry epistemological community, that is, into this special sociocultural group that harbours a common view about this knowledge. This perspective may have an impact on students’ achievement and thereby prevent support for an equitable and fair evaluation. Understanding the underlying evaluative meanings that come with science teaching is a question of democracy since it may affect students’ feelings of inclusion or exclusion. The norms and values harboured in the tests will also affect teaching since the teachers are given examples of how the goals in the syllabus can be concretized.     

Planned educational change in Japan: the case of elementary science instruction

Available evidence suggests that Japanese elementary science education has shifted, in recent decades, away from lecture‐style, rote ‘teaching as telling’ toward ‘teaching for understanding’. How has this change been accomplished? Drawing on our ongoing study of innovations in Japanese elementary science instruction, we describe three features of the Japanese system that may facilitate planned change. First, we describe Japan's broad national goals for elementary education and the alignment of textbooks with these goals. We point out that Japan's national goals focus on the whole child (social, ethical and intellectual development), a breadth which, we speculate, may reduce the kind of pendulum swings between goals of academic and social development that have plagued some other countries’ educational policies. In addition, we note that the national goals are abstract and are translated into classroom practice through the collaborative work of teachers. Second, we describe three routes through which the national goals are translated into classroom practice: research lessons, teachers’ research groups, and national elementary schools. Finally, we speculate on some elements of the educational context (for example, collaborative habits and norms, beliefs about the pace and nature of change, and the practice of self‐critical reflection) that may support planned educational change in Japan.     

基础教育课程改革存在缺憾的原因反思

本次基础教育课程改革对学生就业分流数量大、教育经费不足、办学条件较差、教师素质整体偏低、教育人员习惯于刚性规定等国情考虑不充分,没有认真汲取国内以往课改在教育目标制定、教材多样化建设、教学实践等方面的经验教训,没有细致总结美国、加拿大、英国等国在确立教育目标、制定课程结构、教材市场化建设、教学实践改革、教学评价改革等方面的经验教训。课改理论研究不成熟,实验方案化,实践研究滞后。     

Validating teaching competencies for faculty members in higher education: A national study using the Delphi method

In this study the Delphi Method was used to validate teaching competencies of faculty members in higher education. Through the use of expert opinion, a panel of national leaders in college-level teaching validated twenty seven competencies as important or very important for faculty members who teach. Seven other competencies were rated slightly below a mean score of 4.0 suggesting, based on additional feedback by the panel, that the importance of some competencies may depend on specific variables found within a given context.Kathleen S. Smith is Coordinator of Teaching Assistant Support at The University of Georgia, Office of Instructional Development. She holds graduate degrees from The University of Georgia and has served as Administrative Coordinator and Acting Head of The University of Georgia's intensive English program. Her research and teaching focus on the development and administrative support of teaching assistants with emphasis on International Teaching Assistants. Ronald D. Simpson is Director of the Office of Instructional Development at The University of Georgia, where he also is professor of Higher Education and Science Education. He holds degrees from The University of Tennessee and The University of Georgia.     

基于关键能力的高职“采购管理”课程改革与实践

将关键能力的培养融入课程教学,对提高学生的基本就业能力以及人才培养质量具有重要意义,在高职"采购管理"课程改革中,将关键能力的培养纳入课程改革方案,设置关键能力培养目标,在教学中开展多样化的关键能力培养活动,量化实施关键能力培养目标,改革教学模式和教学方法,并实施多元化的能力考评方法,及时跟踪学生关键能力水平,建立关键能力培养的良性机制。     

A meta-analysis of comparative studies on Chinese and US students’ mathematics performance: Implications for mathematics education reform and research

US and China are reforming mathematics teaching by shifting from students’ attainment of facts and procedures toward development of competencies in reasoning, communication, connections, and problem solving, and application of these in real life contexts. Differences in students’ overall performance, curricula, and teachers’ knowledge and instruction between US and Eastern Asian countries are often used to support US reform with two obvious limitations. First, their performance has not been delineated into specific areas which raise questions about whether overall higher Asian mathematics performance over US is also evident in the specific US reform competencies. Second, Asians are often used as an indiscriminate group with inattention to different schooling and non-schooling factors between countries that might contribute differently to performances. This meta-analysis examines US and Chinese student mathematics performance studies and identifies the strengths and weaknesses in overall and specific competencies. It raises questions about theoretical assumptions, discusses limitations of research designs, and proposes research that may lead to a critical understanding of the quality of mathematics learning.     

培养有教养的公民——加拿大BC省新课改中核心素养的价值导向与课程转化

加拿大BC省的新一轮基础教育课程改革是在对时代发展背景研判--"儿童正在踏入什么样的世界"、对未来人才素养的谋划--"未来世界需要什么样的儿童"的基础上,将"培养有教养的公民"作为总的价值导向,将核心素养作为价值实现的根本载体与线索的全方位课程改革.为了实现核心素养的课程落实与转化,其确立了"知道-践行-理解"(KDU)的课程模式,重新设计了课堂评估、省级评估、国家与国际评估的三级课程评估模式.该文以六年级数学课程的实施为例,详细介绍了探究教学、个性化教学、合作教学与在地化教学等教学方式.     

分子生物学及生物技术实验教学创新体系的建立与实践

按照国家生命科学与技术人才培养的目标和要求,建立有利于培养创新性人才的实验教学体系,已成为实验教学改革所面临的重要任务。我们通过实验教学体系的建设与改革,实验教学水平和教学质量有了显著的提高,为培养基础扎实并有很强实践能力的宽口径人才做了一些有益的探索。文章总结了近几年来分子生物学及生物技术实验教学创新体系的建立与实践的经验及成果。     

Reforming practice or modifying reforms?: Elementary teachers' response to the tools of reform

Understanding the interaction between internally constructed and externally imposed aspects of the teaching context may be the missing link between calls for school reform and teachers' interpretation and implementation of that reform. Although the context of the local school culture has a profound impact on teachers, there are other external forces that are specifically aimed at influencing teachers' pedagogical and curricular decisions. These externally imposed aspects of context include some of the existing tools of reform, such as national standards, mandated state core curricula, and related criterion‐referenced testing. However, little is known about how these reform tools impact teachers' thinking about science and science teaching or how teachers respond to such tools. This study examined the interactions between individual teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning science in elementary school and the tools of reform that are imposed upon them. Comparative case studies were conducted in which two elementary teachers' science instruction, teaching context, and related beliefs were examined, described, and analyzed. In this study, the teachers' fundamental beliefs about science and what it means to teach and learn science influenced their interpretations of the sometimes contradictory messages of reform as they are represented in the standards, mandated curriculum, and end‐of‐level tests. Suggestions about what these findings mean for needed aspects of teacher professional development are offered. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 396–423, 2007     

深化公英教学改革推动双语教学试验

随着经济全球化进程的加快和我国加入WTO,提高全民英语水平,开展双语教学正逐渐成为教育改革和发展的必然趋势。本文从高职高专公共英语教学改革出发,探讨了推动双语教学进程的四项措施,指出公共英语教学应发挥优势作用,促进双语教学的开展,以实现高职院校培养国际化的实用型、紧缺型和复合型专业人才的战略目标。     

普通财经类高校本科人才培养模式改革探析

首先从普通财经类高等学校培养人才的同一性入手,论述了人才培养模式改革的必要性。然后,通过实例分析了财经类高等学校普遍存在的人才培养目标定位不准、人才培养目标与课程设置不协调、科学研究与教学相脱节、教师缺乏参与改革的动力和能力等方面的问题。最后,有针对性地提出了解决问题的对策,即突出办学特色,制定差异化课程体系,通过制度设计提高教师参与教学改革的能力和动力。     

Repertoires of practice: Re-framing teaching portfolios

Teaching portfolios have been widely used in pre-service teacher education programs for approximately two decades and often constitute exit requirements and/or function as a requirement for entry to the teaching profession. Yet much has been written about teacher candidate confusion as to whether the portfolio's purpose is to document their learning and their identity formation as teachers or to serve as evidence of their teaching competence. This paper applies a sociocultural historical lens to this issue, exploring the possible role of teaching portfolios as an effective tool both for the negotiation of identity and for the demonstration of teaching competence. Through examining the perceptions of teachers who are in their first five years of teaching, we seek to re-frame the above issues in relation to repertoires of practice, a sociocultural historical phrase referring to shared competencies within a given community. We conclude that this re-framing enables novice teachers to understand competencies as the repertoires of the teaching profession and that they can enact these repertoires, or competencies, through a range of different practices. Through this re-framing, the purposes of the teaching portfolio may be more apparent and less contradictory.     

大学英语跨文化交际能力培养体系研究与实践

随着全球化的深入和信息技术的广泛运用,国际交往对人才培养提出了更高的要求。国家教育改革也对大学英语教学改革提出了新的要求。本文结合笔者所在大学在跨文化交际能力培养方面的实践,对大学英语教学体系进行了实践性研究,提出了大学英语跨文化交际能力培养四大目标:语言能力、思维能力、行为能力和社会性发展能力。并据此构建了新的大学英语培养体系:培养目标、教学理念与教师主体、培养方法和手段、教学环境。在这四部分中,第一部分是行动依据和指南,第二部分是关键和保障,第三部分是实现目标的方法,第四部分是外在环境。四者之间互为关联,构成一个完整的体系。     

Representations of teaching and standards-based reform: are we closing the debate about teacher education?

Since the mid-eighties, national organizations have been working together in an effort to reform schools and, more specifically, to reform teaching. Paralleling the movement toward developing curriculum standards for students, professional standards for teachers have also been developed for the purpose of teacher education program accreditation. The objective of this national coalition is to strengthen the teaching profession and raise its standards—eventually enhancing the quality of student learning—by redesigning teacher licensing and accountability requirements for teacher education programs, and engaging teachers in on-going professional development. In this study we address three specific questions: (1) what representations of teaching and teachers are portrayed in the professional teaching standards, their related policies and assessment? (2) how are standards-based reform policies affecting teacher education programs? (3) what representations or conceptions of teaching and teachers are currently reflected in teacher education programs in the context of this reform? To address these questions two states were selected as test cases. Reform documents, policies and practices, as well as interviews with key participants in the reform (e.g., teacher educators, state-level administrators) are described and analyzed, and constitute the evidential basis for this study. The patterns emerging from the data indicate that teacher educators’ degrees of resistance or cooperation with externally imposed frameworks is influenced by their conception of teaching, education and its purpose. Further, as teacher educators uncritically participate in the standards-based movement it becomes impossible for them to entertain alternative perspectives on teaching and education outside of the framework provided to them by the standards.     

基于数学核心素养评价框架的试卷测评研究——以2019年高考全国卷为例

数学核心素养的测评研究是反馈学生核心素养培养成效的重要手段,高考试题是检测学生数学素养的重要载体,因此开展以高考试卷为样本的数学核心素养测评研究对中国新一轮高考改革有重要意义。以2019年全国卷为样本,基于喻平提出的数学核心素养评价框架,给出了数学核心素养教育评价表,利用多元统计分析方法研究了全国卷的数学核心素养考查特点,并提出了高考命题建议,为基于试卷的核心素养测评研究提供一定的参考。     

基于工学结合的西方经济学课程教学改革

工学结合模式下的课程教学改革,落脚点是学生综合职业能力的培养。基于工学结合的西方经济学课程教学改革,需要解决理论教学体系完整性与学生接受能力差异化冲突、教师实践教学能力与人才培养目标冲突等问题。因此,准确定位符合财经类专业人才培养的教学目标、构建契合工学结合的西方经济学课程教学体系和建立专兼职实践教学师资队伍等是西方经济学课程教学改革的重点。     

试析制约我国高校国防教育教学方法改革与创新的因素

高校国防教育教学方法影响着国防教育教学目标实现的程度和效率。高校国防教育教学方法的特殊性表现为:具有鲜明的军事化特点;突出爱国主义教育;重点培养综合素质。影响和制约国防高校国防教育教学方法改革的因素主要有:社会经济;科技大环境因素;高校自身文化传统的因素;教学设计和教学条件的因素;国防教育教师素质与个性因素。     

Politics and history curriculum reform in post-Mao China

In post-Mao China, wide-ranging reform programmes have affected almost every sphere of life. History education has been no exception, and in addition to attempts to revise teaching, learning and assessment methods, there have been preliminary forays into textbook pluralism and gradual devolution of curriculum development. History education professionals, however, are fully cognisant of their subject's ‘sensitivity’, and reforming goals and content of both the preactive and active curriculum has thus been a cautious endeavour. This chapter explores the progress of reform through the ‘officially authorised’ historical narratives and teaching goals specified in national curricula. It focuses primarily on the junior secondary curriculum, as primary school History has recently been absorbed by Social Studies, and senior secondary education is neither compulsory nor universally accessible. It is argued that while curriculum objectives and syllabus content remain largely circumscribed by ‘traditional’ views of history as moral-ideological education and by contemporary political imperatives, curriculum developers are also influenced by professional academic and pedagogical concerns, and by efforts to justify the status of History in an increasingly crowded curriculum.