垂直性空间隐喻初探

隐喻作为一种思维方式和认知手段，已成为认知语言学研究的一个重要范畴。常规隐喻中的垂直性空间隐喻，亦日益凸显其研究价值。本拟从垂直性隐喻的形成基础出发，探讨垂直性空间隐喻的拓展意义。     

基于语料库的英汉空间隐喻的对比研究

本文选取了上(up)、下(down)、左(left)、右(right)共八个词进行语料的搜集分析,进而探究英汉两种语言在空间隐喻上的相似性和差异性,并分析其原因最终为我们的生活学习更好的服务。     

论“上”的空间和隐喻认知

"上"本是一个表空间的词,它常常被映射到其它非空间领域,表示时间、等级等.本文首先用意象图式论述了"上"的空间意义的认知过程,然后分析它对隐喻拓展的认知过程.     

英汉空间隐喻的认知透视

隐喻不仅是一种修辞手段,更重要的是一种思维方式和认知工具.本文以英语的"up/down"和汉语的"上/下"为例,从认知的角度对英汉两种语言中空间隐喻的映射和拓展进行了对比研究.     

从认知角度看英汉空间隐喻

人类的生活中存在着大量的隐喻,它作为一种重要的认知方式,在不同的语言中,必然兼有共性和个性。莱考夫根据隐喻的概念系统,把隐喻分为结构隐喻、方位（空间）隐喻、本体隐喻三类。认知语言学界普遍认为,在所有隐喻中,空间隐喻对人类的概念形成具有特殊的、重要的意义,因为多数抽象概念都是通过空间概念来表达和理解的。本文从认知的角度,通过描写与解释相结合以及对比分析的研究方法对汉英语里大量存在的空间隐喻进行对比分析,来考察汉英两种语言在空间关系的选择和表达形式方面以圾对状态、时间、数量、社会关系等方面的空间隐喻化认知的异同,深人分析隐藏在其后的原因,以对期研究语义引申和第二语言习得教学中母语干扰问题有一定的启发。     

"前后"域方位隐喻初探

作为传统修辞格的隐喻近二十多年来受到认知语言学派的挑战，让人们对语言有了重新的认识，即隐喻并不仅仅是一种语言现象，它更重要的是一种人类的认知现象。本文试图从认知语言学的角度对方位隐喻中的“前后”域的隐喻拓展意义进行一些初步的探讨。     

空间隐喻的认知解释

空间关系是人类最早体验到的关系之一,由于思维的隐喻性,人类用体验到的空间关系来帮助认识外部世界。本文试图通过梳理西方认知语言学研究来揭示认知对空间隐喻的产生和理解的重要意义。     

论介词in的空间和隐喻认知

空间概念是人在幼儿时期最早发展起来的概念之一,它是人理解其他概念的基础之一。本文以方位介词in为例,论述其从空间意义到隐喻意义的认知过程,旨在揭示人类的自身经验在形成抽象概念意义中的作用和心理认知过程。     

认知图式的隐喻投射在外语教学中的运用

图式结构与隐喻投射是认知语言学的重要范畴,它们相辅相成,对人们概念的形成与拓展起着不可缺失的作用。图式与隐喻投射理论可以运用于外语教学,提升其教学效果。隐喻是语用功能极强的话语,它能激活图式,诱发推理想象。理解相关文化图式的隐喻投射假说有助于学习者挖掘文本话语的潜在意义,深化理解,从而拓展他们先存的相关概念与图式。认知图式结构根植于人们的日常生活,图式提取与隐喻投射的运用往往是自发的、潜意识的;但理解这一心智活动过程,有助人们在教学中更有效地运用它。     

In的空间概念和隐喻意义——基于语料库的空间隐喻研究

文章通过对在英国国家语料库中检索到的218个in做分析,揭示了英语中方位介词in的隐喻意义及隐喻拓展过程。语料分析表明,in主要用以构建9个目标域,即范围、时间、状态、方式、过程、穿着、职业、材质、目的和原因。     

论英国唯美主义的时间比喻

唯美主义者是如何应对时代精神危机感的呢?这在他们的时间比喻中可见一斑。一方面,英国唯美主义的代表作把时间比喻成祭品、溪流、飞燕和火焰。另一方面,这些作品暗示:爱情、激情和有关视觉艺术的文学创作能战胜时间,成为不朽的永恒。本文通过分析这些时间比喻证明,无论是爱情、激情,还是对视觉艺术的描绘,都无法摆脱时间的限制成为永恒;唯美主义者并没有在"美的殿堂"中找到"上帝的天堂"。     

隐喻与文化之间的关系

隐喻是语言的一种普遍现象，是语言与化联系最紧密的部分，许多深层化内容(如人生观、价值观)在很大程度上通过隐喻来表达和继承。     

Understanding and communicating climate change in metaphors

An analysis of students’ conceptions on climate change shows a great confusion on key aspects of global warming. Even after instruction students often hold conceptions that differ from scientists’ conceptions. Student’s conceptions on global warming were collected in a reanalysis of 24 studies on everyday concepts of global warming as well as in an own interview study with 35 18-year-old students from German grammar schools. Climate-scientists conceptions were analysed from textbooks and research reports in a literature study. All data were analysed by systematic metaphor analysis and qualitative content analysis. Experientialism as a theory of metaphor provided insight in the process of understanding. The analysis of conceptions by experientialism shows that students and scientists have different metaphorical conceptions of global warming – but both refer to the same schemata. These schemata in mind we categorised the conceptions of global warming. Hereby we identified different thinking patterns in students’ and scientists’ conceptions. Following the model of educational reconstruction we took the metaphorical conceptions as a starting point for the development of learning environments. By uncovering the – mostly unconsciously – employed schemata, we gave students access to their metaphorical conceptions and let them reflect on their mental models.     

How mentor principals interpret the mentoring process using metaphors

The study focused on how principal mentors perceived the mentoring process by means of the metaphors they used to represent it. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 principal mentors. Findings were analysed qualitatively, generating themes as an inductive process, grounded in the various metaphors articulated by participants. Analysis of the research findings revealed five themes based on principal mentors’ metaphors: exposure and mirroring, modelling, giving, empowering and supporting. Exploring the mentoring principals’ metaphors may help to improve both the mentoring process and the practical training of principal preparation programmes.     

Personal metaphors of prospective secondary economics and science teachers

Using the responses to open questions, this qualitative study examines the personal metaphors expressed by prospective secondary education teachers, 46 science graduates and 41 economics graduates. The metaphors are classified into the four categories of Leavy, McSorley, and Boté: the behaviourist/transmissive, the cognitivist/constructivist, the situative, and the self-referential. The results showed most metaphors to fall into the behaviourist/transmissive category, followed by the cognitivist/constructivist, self-referential, and situative categories, although some teachers expressed metaphors framed in more than one category. Of the 129 metaphors detected in the study, only one, of a chemistry graduate concerning the equilibrium between reactants, was associated with the prospective teachers' specific undergraduate education. The rest were expressions of their overall vision of teaching and learning, regardless of the speciality.     

Rethinking reflective practice in professional lifelong learning using learning metaphors

Studies relating to reflection and reflective practice in learning, specifically workplace learning, have gradually emerged from within the professional education literature. Evidence has seen a shift from an individualistic to a more collective approach to reflection, in an attempt to move away from viewing learning as an individual action. Simultaneously attention has been given to socio-cultural theories which view learning as social practice inherent in our everyday lives, including work. This paper aims to engage in the current debate regarding the polarised conceptualisations of reflective practice within the context of professional learning. Drawing on this debate, as well as on learning metaphors, this paper proposes that professionals should engage in collective reflective practice for both individual and organisational development within workplaces; locations which could be seen as increasingly ambiguous and unpredictable throughout individuals’ working lives. Hence, we need to rehabilitate and extend some of the key aspects of the traditional concept of reflective practice to accommodate the changing terrain of professional practice within an individual professional's lifelong learning.     

Consequences of personal teaching metaphors for teacher identity and practice

Past research has clearly indicated that teachers’ metaphors can serve as a framework that moves our understanding of teaching forward by making more explicit the intuitive knowledge teachers hold about themselves, their classrooms, and their practice. Making explicit how metaphors uncover the understandings that guide the practices of in-service teachers, individually and collectively, can provide insight into the assumptions they hold about teaching and teaching practice. The purpose of this study was to explore how in-service teachers’ self-constructed metaphors revealed their perceptions of their roles, obligations, and assumptions about teaching and learning, and consider the implications of such exploration for teacher education and development. The four experienced teachers who participated in this study constructed personal teaching metaphors for which they provided an explanation. Analysis of the metaphors using positioning theory provided evidence that teaching metaphors capture the individual identity and specify the plotlines of teaching and the obligations, duties, and responsibilities of the teacher as well as the role of the teacher and others in the teacher’s practice. We found that each metaphor brought elements of identity and teaching practice together in unique and divergent ways. A subsequent cross-case analysis revealed common discourses of teaching: responsibility, nurturing, and caring, and teacher and student learning. Both the individual and cross-case analysis suggest the potential value of metaphor work for informing teacher education and professional development to advise teachers, teacher educators, school leaders, and policy makers.     

以《红楼梦》为例谈隐喻的理解

一些专家学者对隐喻的理解发表了很好的见解,文章拟在此基础上以《红楼梦》中的隐喻为例,阐释这些观点的可行性及在运用中的利弊。