A Rationale for Scholarly Examination of Institutional Review Boards: A Case Study

In recent years, institutional review boards (IRBs) have become an increasingly significant part of the research process for communication scholars. This essay provides a rationale for scholarly examination of IRBs. Using the review process for this special issue as a case study, it identifies a number of ironies that provide justification for this special issue.     

Organizational Power and the Institutional Review Board

In this essay, we respond to the narratives and essays in this issue by examining organizational power issues related to researchers and institutional research boards (IRBs). Rather than taking a singular perspective on power, we use multiple perspectives and suggest that the cumulative analyses provide the best understanding of IRBs and organizational power.     

Organizational Power and the Institutional Review Board

In this essay, we respond to the narratives and essays in this issue by examining organizational power issues related to researchers and institutional research boards (IRBs). Rather than taking a singular perspective on power, we use multiple perspectives and suggest that the cumulative analyses provide the best understanding of IRBs and organizational power.     

The Development and Operation of IRBs: Medical Regulations and Social Science

A sketch of the development of institutional review boards (IRBs) and the system of human subjects research regulation in the United States is presented, from the Nuremberg Code of 1949 to the Belmont Report of 1979, and continues with several contemporary developments. Conflicts within the system are discussed, particularly those related to the regulatory application of the medical model to social science. Examination of two central documents produced by participants in the IRB regulatory system is presented to illustrate difficulties with current regulation.     

Difficult Interactions between IRBs and Investigators: Applications and Solutions

This essay describes efforts by the University of Iowa administration and Human Subjects Office to adapt review procedures and interpret federal regulations in ways that were appropriate to the distinctive methodologies of social science and humanistic research, including applied research. Two moments of significant change in those procedures are described and several recommendations are offered for addressing the difficulties institutional review boards and applied researchers encounter when they interact: ask questions and be prepared to respond to them, in person when necessary; be reasonable and accountable and assume the other side is too; recognize that human subjects protection is complicated and that real risks are posed by procedures sometimes assumed to be risk-free by nature. The importance of an adequately funded, well-trained staff is emphasized as the precursor to all of those measures.     

Communication Scholars' Communication and Relationship with their IRBs

Using grounded theory, 57 narratives of communication scholars detailing their experiences and relationships with institutional review boards (IRBs) were examined. From this analysis, 24 concepts emerged constituting five larger categories characterizing the communication relationship between communication scholars and IRBs: antagonistic actions of IRBs, negative perceptions of IRBs, actions of researchers, positive perceptions of IRBs, and protagonistic actions of IRBs. Results indicate that the main difference between positive and negative experiences with IRBs was associated with the nature of the relationship between scholars and IRBs. Scholars who saw their IRBs as adversarial bureaucracies had the most negative experiences, whereas scholars who saw their IRBs as partners in the research process had the most positive experiences. Recommendations for how both IRBs and researchers can improve their relationships conclude this essay.     

机构知识库:数字科研时代一种新的学术交流与知识共享方式

机构知识库是一个机构中员工的所有智力产品的汇聚，它是对传统的以正式出版物为主的学术交流体系的补充。本文概述了机构知识库的含义和特点，重点分析了数字科研环境下机构知识库对学术交流和知识共享的作用，探讨了数字科研环境下机构知识库的构建并介绍了目前一些典型的构建工具。     

Anonymity in Applied Communication Research: Tensions Between IRBs,Researchers, and Human Subjects

This essay examines the rather complex role of anonymity in communication research as revealed in the narratives submitted to this special issue. First, narratives were examined quantitatively to assess the prevalence of issues related to anonymity, with terms such as “anonymous” and “confidential” emerging most often. Next, a thematic analysis of the narratives suggests five tensions discussed in some detail: anonymity or (not and) confidentiality, over-promising and under-delivering anonymity, to sign and record … or not, named vs. anonymous vs. pseudonymous, and whether institutional review boards (IRBs) should be anonymous. The essay concludes with several applied recommendations for IRBs, researchers, and participants as they confront these tensions linked to the role of anonymity in human subjects research.     

The Organizational Tension of Othering

In this paper narratives submitted to this issue are reviewed and critiqued using the feminist lenses of othering and organizational irrationality. Four emergent themes in the narratives are identified and discussed, with the themes and the feminist critique of them used to provide a set of recommendations for developing researcher-IRB working relationships.     

Promoting Institutional Repositories via Visualizations: A Change-Point Study

This article examines whether implementing visualizations on an institutional repository webpage increases traffic on the site. Two methods for creating visualizations to attract faculty and student interest were employed. The first is a map displaying usage of institutional repository content from around the world. This map uses Tableau software to display Google Analytics data. The second method is a text mining tool allowing users to generate word clouds from dissertation and thesis abstracts according to discipline and year of publication. The word cloud uses R programing language, the Shiny software package, and a text mining package called tm. Change in the number of institutional repository website sessions was analyzed through change-point analysis.     

机构仓储存储行为影响因素研究述评

近年来,机构仓储同开放获取、长期保存逐渐成为图书馆学领域的研究热点。有效地促进机构仓储的存储一直是机构仓储领域研究的主要问题之一。国外对机构仓储存储行为影响因素的研究可以从内因与外因两个方面来归纳。通过分析影响机构仓储存储行为的各种因素,可以预测未来机构仓储存储行为影响因素研究领域的发展趋势。     

2000年以来我国推荐书目研究述评

文章以整体评述、文献计量学、统计数据分析、典型事例引证等方法对2000年以来我国推荐书目研究的进展、研究方向、研究的不足等进行述评。参考文献84。     

时间成本在管理创新与组织文化建设中的效用研究

组织文化建设让员工对工作目标不再是懵懵懂懂，使机构对事业追求不再只是一句空洞口号，而是在愿景目标驱动、价值环境拉动和文化景气互动中，产生整合力、聚合力、创新力、激发力、持续力，提升现代管理水平，实现组织文化建设的时间成本向事业进步转移。向人的全面发展转移，凸现其时间成本的最佳效用。     

Institutional Repositories, Open Access, and Scholarly Communication: A Study of Conflicting Paradigms

The Open Access movement of the past decade, and institutional repositories developed by universities and academic libraries as a part of that movement, have openly challenged the traditional scholarly communication system. This article examines the growth of repositories around the world, and summarizes a growing body of evidence of the response of academics to institutional repositories. It reports the findings of a national survey of academics which highlights the conflict between the principles and rewards of the traditional scholarly communication system, and the benefits of Open Access. The article concludes by suggesting ways in which academic libraries can alleviate the conflict between these two paradigms.     

我国FRBR研究述评

通过对我国近年来有关FRBR研究的文献进行调查分析,概述了当前研究的三大主要内容:FRBR的基本理念、带来的影响和实践研究,并进行评述,指出今后可朝相关实践研究和网络信息资源组织的影响等方向发展.     

阅读疗法研究述评

本文从阅读疗法的概念、分类、心理学支持及研究发展等四方面介绍和分析国内外的研究成果,并针对诸如阅读疗法的英语专业术语的应用、阅读疗法的分类、阅读疗法的心理学支持等有争议性的议题提出了个人见解。     

聚集学术机构知识的中心:机构库(Institutional Repository)探析

本文首先介绍了机构库的定义及产生的原因，阐述了机构库的特点及国内外相关项目，然后从知识产权保护、经费管理、质量控制等方面论述了机构库存在的问题，最后分析了图书馆应如何面对机构库带来的机遇与挑战。     

机构仓储的自存储和强制存储策略研究

阐述了目前机构仓储国内外存储方式和建设现状,定义了自存储、强制性自存储、协议性代存储的概念.分析了自存储进展缓慢的原因,在提高用户对存储模式认可度的基础上提出了自愿式自存储和强制性自存储的共建的实施方式,并进行了比对及适应性分析,不同模式对用户及知识的影响分析;希望建立强制性存储政策及相关法律,并研究一套富有实效的方法使开放获取存储方式系统、连贯、广泛、规模化.     

我国机构知识库研究现状分析

本文对我国截止到2009年4月为止的机构知识库相关研究论文进行了调查.首先从论文的发文量、作者、机构、来源期刊等方面进行统计分析.结果表明:我国机构知识库研究自2004年起步以来已发表146篇学术论文,13位高产作者主要分布在中国科学院国家科学图书馆与高校图书馆和图书情报学科,约1/3论文集中刊登在以<图书情报工作>、<现代情报>为代表的三种学术期刊上;其次对论文中作者给出的关键词,在同义词归类和替换的基础上进行排序后析出10大热点关键词;最后对论文研究内容进行了深入分析和归类,认为机构知识库构建的实证研究应该成为今后的研究重点.