Normalizing literary responses in the teacher education classroom

In this essay, the authors present analyses of data emerging from a study of a classroom of pre‐service English language arts teachers' readings of a young adult novel that challenged normative sexuality stereotypes. They argue that when literary fictions are included within teacher education ‘methods’ courses, the possibility that literature might support generative learning is eroded by the normative structures of teacher education, particularly those pedagogical beliefs and practices that separate discourses of experience from discourses of knowledge. The authors offer a brief overview of studies of human consciousness, with particular attention to how literary experiences can contribute to its development. They suggest that the identities that co‐emerge with conscious awareness are structured by normalizing discourses instantiated within teacher education methods courses. The essay concludes with a discussion of how the conscious awareness of beginning English teachers might be more expansively developed within pre‐service teacher education.     

More than canons: teacher knowledge and the literary domain of the secondary English curriculum

Background:?The matter of teacher knowledge in the curriculum subject of English is not simple. Certainly it is not easy to delineate what its ‘content knowledge’ should be and how this relates to other aspects of teacher knowledge. In the context of education policy in England, at a time of change when the nature of the subject and its pedagogy are under scrutiny, the issue acquires heightened relevance from an initial teacher preparation perspective.

Purpose:?This paper sets out to consider the following questions: how do teachers of English acquire their teacher knowledge? What is known about the nuanced process of teacher knowledge development in English? Curriculum content is one element of teacher knowledge, but in the literary domain of English it does not suffice to specify what and how much should be read. The questions are discussed from the perspective of the knowledge development of postgraduate English teachers during initial teacher preparation.

Sources of evidence:?Literature concerning the development of teacher knowledge and expertise both generally and in the curriculum subject of English is critically discussed. Within the literature, the notion of the mentor–novice dialogue is identified as an important way of developing teacher knowledge. Alongside the literature, three illustrative mentor accounts are presented, drawn from the experience of postgraduate students learning to teach English to secondary school pupils.

Main argument:?The mentor accounts suggest that the boundaries of English are not easily demarcated. They indicate that the knowledge developed is other than the ‘content’ knowledge that might be acquired through initial degree studies. It is argued that teacher education demands a conception of teaching that takes full account of this knowledge development. At the same time, specific dispositions that do not automatically follow from prior academic attainment appear to be relevant. It is suggested that how these are cultivated, and how they are distinctive to the subject discipline are important questions for initial teacher preparation.

Conclusions:?Whatever the new contexts for initial teacher preparation, understanding how teachers acquire and apply ‘teacherly’ knowledge deserves as much attention as the content of a subject or the prior attainment of entrants to the profession. Initial teacher preparation arrangements need to acknowledge the complexity of learning to teach English as a curriculum subject. Learning to teach is a nuanced process, requiring engagement with a dedicated pedagogical content knowledge. In literary English teaching, this comprises attention to micro and macro aspects concurrently, for example through attention to individual texts concurrent with consideration of conceptions of readers and reading.     

小议口头文学传承的现代意义

口头文化是相对于书面文化而言的,是广大劳动民众口头创作、口耳相传的语言艺术,它既是民众生活、思想与感情的自发表露,又是他们关于科学、宗教及其他人生知识的总结,也是他们的审美观念和艺术情趣的表现形式,是广大民众用口头语言来创作和流传的一种活的语言艺术,由散文的或韵文的叙事作品、诗歌、神化、戏剧、谚语、谜语等组成,在其产生及其发展的过程中,在广大民众生活中扮演着重要角色。     

英国文学现实主义风格的形成

＂愤怒的青年＂的文学创作是对19世纪英国传统现实主义文学的继承和发展,是来自英国社会底层的人们对其生存意义的严肃思考,是对英国资本主义社会种种尖锐矛盾的揭露。＂愤怒的青年＂的现实主义风格的形成是第二次世界大战后英国社会发展的必然结果,有着极其重要的社会意义和文学地位。     

英国文学现实主义风格的形成

"愤怒的青年"的文学创作是对19世纪英国传统现实主义文学的继承和发展,是来自英国社会底层的人们对其生存意义的严肃思考,是对英国资本主义社会种种尖锐矛盾的揭露。"愤怒的青年"的现实主义风格的形成是第二次世界大战后英国社会发展的必然结果,有着极其重要的社会意义和文学地位。     

Individualism to Collaboration: The significance of teacher culture to the induction of newly qualified teachers

This paper draws upon qualitative data collected as part of a study of the implementation of new arrangements for the monitoring and support of newly qualified teachers (NQTs) in England (DfEE, 1999). Interview data from NQTs, induction tutors and head-teachers are used to demonstrate the significance of teacher culture to the experience of teachers during their first year in post. We locate the cultures within which NQTs work on a continuum that we characterise as moving from highly individualised, through structural collaboration to spontaneously collaborative. The new arrangements appear to have made the greatest impact on schools where the culture is one of structural collaboration. Individualised cultures are problematic for NQTs, while spontaneously collaborative cultures provide a highly supportive and developmental environment independently of the mandatory arrangements.     

论文学意义--"意义整体"的动态生成和历史累积

文学意义的生成与文学活动的过程密切相关,从最初的创作意图、创作中的叙述意向、到凝聚为文本意蕴、再到接受者的审美意味,作品的"意义整体"就是由此四要素融成一体的多元结构.同时,意义整体的四要素又可分为两个维度:创作意图、叙述意向和文本意蕴三个相对稳定的贮存性要素构成共时性维度,读者的审美意味这一处于不断变动中的生产性要素则可视为历时性维度;共时性维度是意义整体的基础,历时性维度是意义生长累积的动力,作品的图式化构成和读者的具体化阅读二者互为诱发,不断累积,从而使一部伟大作品的意义整体始终处于绵延无尽的历史生成之中.     

试论《儒林外史》中的人间真情及其文学意义

《儒林外史》是我国十八世纪的一部现实主义小说力作,其现实性除了表现在对社会制度、人际交往的批判和讽刺外,还表现在书中所蕴含的各种诚挚的人间真情中。我们应充分认识这部分积极情感在全书中的作用和其文学意义。     

教师职业的形成

教师,中国古代称"师".清代末年初办近代学校之际,曾称教师为"教习",后来改称"教员".民国时期这一名称始终未变.人民共和同诞生之初,在1952年的《中学暂行规程(草案)》《小学暂行规程(草案)》中,"教员"与"教师"两种称谓并用,尔后通称"教师".……     

唐代古文运动的意义

唐代古运动的兴趣是以韩愈，柳宗元为主，在“必宗经”“以明道”“以贯道”的理论指导下进行的，在这个理论指导下，唐代古运动在理论上和实践上都取得较高成就，对中国古代散的发展和为代再次兴起的古运动起到了基础性和先导性的作用。     

论韩愈五古的艺术创新及其文学史意义

韩愈是中唐五古大家.他具有通脱的诗学观念,追求雄奇高古的艺术境界,原本雅颂,规模宏大,以文为诗,风格雄直险怪,为五古的发展开辟了新的道路,形成了新的审美范式.韩愈五古具有深邃的文化内涵,对后代学者诗人产生了深远影响.     

The teacher as reflexive professional: making visible the excluded discourse in teacher standards

In the current climate of accountability, political manoeuvring, changing curriculum, increasingly diverse student cohorts and community expectations, teachers, more than ever, need to develop the skills and abilities to be reflective and reflexive practitioners. This study examines national teacher professional standards from Australia and the UK to identify the extent to which reflexivity is embedded in key policy documents that are intended to guide the work of teachers in those countries. Using Margaret Archer's theories of reflexivity and morphogenesis, and methods of critical discourse analysis, we argue that these blueprints for teachers’ work exclude reflexivity as an essential and overarching discourse of teacher professionalism.     

Reading the Environment as Text: literary theory and environmental education

In recent decades there has been a radical redefinition of the notion of text. This has resulted in the widespread acceptance of critical theory and discourse analysis as valid means of studying a wide range of social practices. It is less common practice to regard the physical world as text, though an argument can be constructed for so doing. Environmental education, however, is specifically concerned with human use of physical resources. It can be argued, therefore, that ‘environment’ is, at least in part, a social construct and that textual studies offers a valid means of studying it.     

Coping Collectively: The formation of a teacher self-help group

Some social movements theorists argue that contemporary social movements such as pressure groups and support groups are increasingly fulfilling the protest function of political parties and trades unions in post-industrial societies. Furthermore, these social, cultural, emotional and economic developments are occurring on a global scale. This article is an ethnographic account of teachers in an English local education authority who formed a self-help group for what they perceived to be 'bullied' (i.e. abused in the workplace) local authority and private sector employees. This was a mode of collective rather than individual coping. The identity work involved in self-renewal for these workers was a collective, social and political process, involving networking with other similar individuals and groups nationally. I argue that, given the decline in trades union powers, the teachers can be considered to be reinventing collectivity and collective protest. And the self-help group studied is not fundamentally different in character to labour movements of the past.     

Sexuality,schooling, and teacher identity formation: A critical pedagogy for teacher education

Offering an alternative to normative teacher education that excludes meaningful sexuality and gender education from its curriculum, this article presents a critical teacher education multicultural curriculum based in the United States that included an autoethnographic narrative assignment as reflective space for teacher candidates to consider their identities as shaped by lived experiences with gender and sexuality. Using a categorical analysis of a cohort of 38 teacher candidate autoethnographies, discussed are insights revealed about their lived histories. Patterns included gender identification, heteronormativity, patriarchy, sex education, schooling experiences, teacher complicity, and teacher identity effects and sense of agency along with implications for educating future teachers.     

对巴金从文意义的阐释及思考

巴金作为作家的经历是简单而奇特的，在我们身边已经很难找到拥有如此人格的生命，已经很难找到坚持用常识维系生命的真人。巴金给我们心灵的震撼是：他抱定一种天国之爱，却硬是要在魑魍魉的人世间穿行。而面对学当下的境遇，我们必须返回常识，返回到自身，返回到学本身特有的功能和魅力。     

Preschool teacher attachment,school readiness and risk of learning difficulties

Attachment is the emotional bond between children and their caregivers (parents or otherwise). Infants and young children usually have more than one selective attachment, and all of these attachment relationships, including those between children and teachers, have important effects on cognitive and social development. Secure attachment to a preschool teacher may help children to improve their preschool experience. Recent studies suggest that the adverse effect of inadequate preschool experiences can lead to skill deficiencies that mimic the effects of basic cognitive deficits. This study evaluates the relationships among attachment to preschool teachers, school readiness, and the risk for developing learning difficulties in preschoolers using three measures: the School Readiness 4-5 battery, the Precocious Identification of Learning Difficulties, and the Attachment Q Set. This study examined 152 preschoolers. The results showed that attachment to preschool teachers is related to linguistic development level, the psychomotor skills involved in school readiness, and learning difficulty risk.     

A story of culture and teaching: the complexity of teacher identity formation

Research in teacher education repeatedly suggests that the background and underlying beliefs held by pre-service teachers about teaching and assessment act to shape their interpretations of ideas, powerfully influencing their praxis and their developing teacher identity. This paper explores how a young New Zealand secondary science teacher, raised and educated in Māori-medium and then English-medium New Zealand schools, develops his identity as a teacher as he navigates a range of educational contexts and experiences. His views on assessment provide a focus. The paper presents a case study drawn from a two-year longitudinal study, comprising a series of interviews with the teacher, as he transitioned from a university graduate to a qualified science teacher working in his first school. The complexity of teacher identity development is highlighted, particularly for teachers for whom cultural identity and indigenous world view is important. It suggests that beginning teachers need more time in their pre-service teacher education to reflect on the influence their formative educational experiences have on who they are becoming as a teacher.     

文艺作品对思想政治教育的意义

文艺作品作为思想政治教育的载体,具有生动性、娱乐性和渗透性的特点。文艺作品的灵魂即文艺作品的中心内容或主题思想与思想政治教育的内容与目标是相吻合的,通过文艺作品进行思想政治教育,可以提升思想政治教育的感染力,增强思想政治教育的吸引力,还能提高大众的接受能力。文艺作品对思想政治教育具有重大的意义,本文从民族优秀文化的继承与发展、国家意识形态的维护、辅助形成正确的价值观以及加快实现中华民族的伟大复兴这四个方面展开研究。我们不能忽视文艺作品的重要地位,文艺作品的繁荣昌盛代表着我们文化软实力的强大,文化软实力的提高,更有助于实现我们伟大的中国梦。