Stichwort: Kompetenzentwicklung im Grundschulalter

Keyword: Development of Competencies During Elementary School. The development of scholastic competencies is a topic discussed in the cross-section between the fields of developmental psychology, education, and educational psychology. This article will attempt an overview of the development of competencies during elementary school. After a conceptual clarification of the term competency, the focus will turn to the development of scholastic competencies at elementary school level from a development psychology perspective. Following this, the developmental changes within four basic competence domains, which are central topics of current research, are described: reading, writing, mathematics, and science. Factors affecting the development of scholastic competencies are then discussed, including individual (intelligence, prior knowledge, language) as well as environmental determinants (family, quality of instruction, classroom composition). General as well as differential changes in the four domains are described and illustrated by empirical research results.     

脏话现象的差异心理学解析和文化心理学研究路径

脏话,一种独特而普遍的社会现象,同时也是一种心理现象,它反映了不同文化背景下的个体的不同心理特征。说脏话的积极作用在于宣泄情绪、促进群体认同、折射心理状态,但不利于和谐社会精神文明建设。脏话现象有中西、城乡、区域、性别差异,出于心理学本土化的思考,需要从心理学,特别是文化心理学的角度对脏话现象进行心理学的系统研究,为本土心理学学科建设和社会的和谐建设提供理论依据和实践指导。     

社会心理学的伦理学诉求与结合域

长期以来,社会心理学领域一直存在着忽视伦理价值取向的“技术主义”倾向。从伦理学回归、学科、内容、研究方法、发展趋势等视角进行探讨,可以发现作为社会心理学研究对象的社会心理现象与道德有着天然的内在联系。因此,要把握好社会心理学与伦理学之间存在的结合区域,使两者相互结合,相互促进,共同发展。     

对心理环境的考察与探索

环境历来是心理学家所关注的研究内容。但基本上都是把环境理解为是外在于人的存在。完形心理学或格式塔心理学对环境做出了新的理解。完形心理学区分了物理的环境与心理的环境。所谓物理的环境是独立于人而存在的自在的环境。所谓心理的环境则是被人所觉知的环境，是被人所理解的环境。这种心理环境会对人的心理行为产生十分重要的影响。心理环境是一个重要的心理学概念。这是对心理与环境关系的全新的理解，是一种共生的方法论。对心理环境的研究是对心理与环境关系的共生的考察，是对环境、人与环境关系的全新视角的透视。     

Developmental theory in the classroom

Two questions are discussed with reference to the role of developmental psychology in the understanding of classroom learning and teaching. One question is whether a developmental perspective provides an adequate basis for a theory of the classroom. The second question concerns the utility to teachers of the adoption of such a perspective. Both questions are discussed in response to a series of critical reviews of current applications of psychology to educatonal practices. Firstly, the adoption of a developmental perspective in classroom investigation is valid since: it is not clear which theoretical principles underpin teachers' practices; developmental theorising already constitutes a corpus of knowledge; the common culture in which teachers work includes developmentally-based applications; existing classroom research on children's learning sometimes lacks a developmental dimension. Secondly, it is argued that the application of a developmental perspective to the classroom is both distinctive and fertile. Instructional psychologists explicitly accept the need for classroom variables to be systematically investigated. Five examples of the application of a developmental perspective are discussed: task-analysis; the diagnosis of children's prior knowledge and the matching problem; learning strategies; assessment and criterion-referencing; methods of investigating children's thinking. Two conclusions are drawn. Firstly, further research is needed to explicate the theoretical principles underpinning teachers' practices. Secondly, further research is needed in the investigation of a developmental perspective in classroom settings. It is an empirical, and open, question as to which type of research will provide a preferential understanding of classroom learning and teaching.     

Effects of family violence on psychopathology symptoms in children previously exposed to maltreatment

Although many studies suggest that family violence is associated with child psychopathology, multiple features of the home environment might account for this association, such as poverty and caregiver psychopathology. Studies are needed examining how change in psychopathology symptoms is affected by home violence, controlling for children's own developmental symptom histories and other predictors of psychopathology. This study used latent difference score structural equation modeling to test if witnessing home violence and/or experiencing harsh physical discipline predicted changes in psychopathology symptoms among 2,925 youth aged 5-16 years previously exposed to violence. Results demonstrated that harsh physical discipline predicted child-specific changes in externalizing symptoms, whereas witnessing violence predicted child-specific changes in internalizing symptoms across time. Implications for research and policy are discussed.     

农村民族社区儿童上中学的涵化与心理适应研究

当今农村民族社区儿童上中学者显著增多。他们进入中学这一更富于文化多样性的场景，可能面临较复杂的心理适应问题。国内涵化视角的研究较为薄弱。西方跨文化心理学的涵化研究，关注文化接触中不同群体持续双向互动对个体适应的影响，其概念和方法值得有批判地借鉴。本文主要论述了农村民族学生涵化与心理适应研究的意义、设计的概念与理论框架以及应注意的技术问题。     

制度演化理论的新发展

本文通过对诺思、青木昌彦和斯密德等人的制度演化理论的评述 ,着重讨论了个体的认知心理和行为与制度的关系 ,以及由此带来的制度演化路径的变化 ,并指出这种基于个体心理的制度研究可能形成一个令人期待的“行为制度理论”。     

Ego development and psychopathology: a study of hospitalized adolescents

This paper explores the relationship between ego development and psychiatrically relevant behaviors in a group of hospitalized adolescents. Building on Loevinger's model of ego development, we administered the Sentence Completion Test to 114 adolescent girls and boys. To study psychiatric symptoms, Achenbach and Edelbrock's Child Behavior Checklist was used. With these procedures, the Achenbach and Edelbrock factor scores were compared to ego stage using correlational and multiple regression analyses. Findings indicate significant negative correlations with the externalizing and internalizing factors as well as a variety of behavioral subscales. A significant relationship also exists between the total number of symptoms and ego development. Ego development is found to be an important predictor for the externalizing factor and 2 subscales after the background variables of age, sex, and SES are partialed out. Our discussion addresses the question of the relationship between stages and transitions in ego development in relation to psychopathology. In addition, "age-stage dysynchronies" are discussed as ways of understanding psychopathology from a developmental perspective.     

范式视域下对我国少数民族体育研究的反思

从范式理论视域对我国少数民族体育发展的研究思路和价值观念进行了梳理,认为我国少数民族体育学科研究体系自身建设还不完善,发展战略方向研究较为模糊,缺少一种宏观理论的指导,难以体现整体学科的理念和价值观念。因此,多学科整合研究范式是少数民族体育学科研究的发展方向。     

心理学视角下的二语词汇习得研究

本文致力于将认知心理学理论应用于英语词汇习得,探讨了科学有效的词汇认知方法,根据每个人习得词汇量的不同从个人差异角度论述了词汇学习的不同策略,学习者应根据自身特点灵活运用各种策略。     

Science and Individualism in Educational Psychology: problems for practice and points of departure

It is mainly through schools that the profession of educational psychology is maintained. What assumptions are made in the training of such people? Critically, as Olssen argues, they are assumptions which have formed the basis of psychology itself and were historically embedded in discursive traditions at the turn of the century, traditions which constituted the generative source of the way the discipline of educational psychology was to develop. Assumptions about the nature of science were important, as Rom Harre and others have argued. More important, though, is the assumption of individualism: the presupposition that problems of learning are problems of an individual child, to be fixed by personalised intervention. The influence of psychology on education is often hidden, but in the case of individual psychology it is often overt. If there are problems with psychology, including the psychology of individual development, then educational psychology will need very careful scrutiny.     

知识与学科——兼论教育学学科地位

学科产生伴随着知识分化,学科地位的高低又与知识分层密不可分,故知识与学科之间存在着唇齿相依的关系。从知识的角度来看,一种知识能不能成为一门学科,涉及到该科知识有没有分化并在大学得以建制,而一门学科的地位如何,涉及到该种知识的权力大小问题。从教育学知识及其学科权力的形成来看,教育学要真正突显其学科价值,就应以开放的态度迎接各学科知识的融合,积极投身于大学科系统之中,为社会发展贡献自己的力量。探讨教育学的形成以及教育学学科地位的形成,相较于就教育学谈教育学学科地位来说,更能说明教育学的学科地位及其未来发展趋势。     

城市女性婚姻移民的社会适应研究——以上海市“外来媳妇”为例

与一般农民工的社会适应表现为经济、社会、心理三个层面依次递进的特点不同,城市女性婚姻移民的社会适应首先是从心理适应开始的。虽然女性移民因为婚姻得以进入城市生活,但其社会地位并没有因此而得到提高;而这种低下的社会地位又直接影响了她们与城市居民的接触和交往,影响了她们对自我身份的认同。从社会适应的总体状况来看,城市女性婚姻移民应属于介于农民工和市民之间的"边际人"。     

The differential development of epistemic beliefs in psychology and computer science students: A four-wave longitudinal study

This article analyses the differential development of discipline-specific epistemic beliefs (i.e., beliefs about the nature of knowledge) in computer science and psychology. With regard to computer science, a “hard” discipline, we expected absolute beliefs (knowledge as objective “truths”) to increase over time. In contrast, in the more “soft” discipline of psychology, we expected absolute beliefs to be low and stable, and multiplistic beliefs (knowledge as subjective “opinions”) to follow an inversely U-shaped trajectory. Hypotheses were tested in a three-semester long four-wave study with 226 undergraduates. Data were analysed by multi-group growth modelling for parallel processes. In computer science, absolute beliefs indeed increased over the study period. In psychology, an initial increase in multiplistic beliefs was followed by a steep decrease. We therefore suggest that epistemic “sophistication” should be conceived of as a flexible adaptation of epistemic judgments to the characteristics of specific contexts, and not as a generalized developmental sequence.     

Cognitive development and theories of mind: towards a contextual approach

This paper suggests both theoretical and empirical reasons for proposing a joint approach to two fast-evolving research areas in developmental psychology: contextual perspective on cognition and learning and studies on children’s theories of mind. We will first review the general assumptions of contextualism and three main contextual approaches; then the more relevant perspectives on theories of mind development will be presented. The two research fields here considered are conceptually organized around two meanings of the concept of other: the “other in interaction” and the “other as culture”, on the basis of which the integration between the two fields will be justified. Finally some directions for future research will be discussed.     

Oberlin College: Molder of Four Great Men

The assumption of the leadership role in teaching is an area of inquiry often overlooked in research, behavior analysis, and professional preparation. The vertical dyad approach proposed in this paper represents a method of carefully structuring teacher student associations from a developmental perspective. The theoretical framework used is from a social psychology perspective and will permit the physical educator to maximally develop leadership relationships.     

探求二十世纪中国文学的合题效应

20世纪文学有众多合题效应。从局部看,有主流文学、精英文学与大众文学的合题,有个我人生和群我人生、社会人生和宇宙人生的合题,有理性本体论和生命本体论的合题等;从整体看,时代生活进程、世界文学格局和民族文学传统形成“历史合力”效应。局部合题使我们避免片面性,审时度势地思考新世纪文学发展的丰富性;整体合题帮我们把握新世纪文学发展走向,它将是现实主义主潮与现代主义新潮的互动与结合。     

Families and individual development: provocations from the field of family therapy

Family therapy suggests a reformulation of concept and method in studying the family and individual development: to regard the family as an organized system and the individual as a contributing member, part of the process that creates and maintains the patterns that regulate behavior. In this review, the theories and clinical experiences of family therapists are regarded as a resource for developmental psychology, and particular attention is paid to those aspects that challenge traditional formulations in the developmental field. The review focuses on systems theory as the paradigm underlying family therapy and considers the implications of this framework for conceptions of the individual, the study of parent-child interaction, and new research formulations and areas of study. It also considers trends in the developmental field that move toward such formulations.