Closing the feedback Loop: Reflections on practical educational implications and future research

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Re-victimization patterns in a national longitudinal sample of children and youth

OBJECTIVE: To understand to the degree to which a broad variety of victimizations, including child maltreatment, conventional crime, peer, and sexual victimizations, persist for children from 1 year to the next. DESIGN: A national sample of 1467 children aged 2-17 recruited through random digit dialing and assessed via telephone interviews (with caretakers and youth themselves) about a comprehensive range of victimization experiences in the previous year, and then re-assessed (72.3% of baseline sample) after a 1-year interval. RESULTS: The risk for re-victimization in Year 2 was high for children victimized in Year 1, with risk ratios ranging from 2.2 for physical assault to 6.9 for sexual victimization. Victimization of any one type left substantial vulnerability even for different types of subsequent re-victimization (e.g., property crime victimization was associated with higher risk of sexual victimization the next year). Children with four or more types of victimization in Year 1 ("poly-victims") were at particularly high risk of persisting poly-victimization. Persisting poly-victimization was more likely for children who scored high on anger/aggression and who had recent life adversities. Desistence from poly-victimization was associated with having more good friends. Onset of poly-victimization in Year 2, in contrast to persistence from Year 1, was associated with violent or maltreating families, family problems such as alcohol abuse, imprisonment, unemployment and family disruption. Having more older siblings acted as both a risk factor and a protective factor for different groups of youth. CONCLUSION: Children previously victimized in 1 year are at higher risk of continued victimization, and the poly-victims are at particular risk. These findings suggest the potential merit of identifying these high-risk children and making them priority targets for prevention efforts.     

Texting as a channel for personalized youth support: participatory design research by city youth and teachers

Most school districts are out to regulate and restrict student texting and fear student–teacher texting as particularly inappropriate. But might this youth-dominated channel in fact be a twenty-first century portal to personalized support for youth struggling in school? This article shares first findings from participatory design research on texting, conducted by youth and teachers in the diverse, immigrant-heavy city of Somerville, MA. In a design research project welcomed by Somerville district and school administration, teachers and students at the district's alternative high and middle school have been testing how one-to-one texting might support students, teachers, and mentors to communicate rapidly about students' personal and academic needs. Their work raises deep questions for city schools considering how to forge supportive student–teacher relationships in the digital age.     

Contributions of qualitative research to understanding savings for children and youth

This paper explores contributions of qualitative research to saving theory for children, youth, and parents in children's development account (CDAs) programs. It brings together findings from three studies: (1) elementary school age children saving for college, (2) youth transitioning from foster care saving for education and other purposes, and (3) mothers saving for their toddlers’ future college. Findings suggest that children, youth, and parents find CDAs helpful in accumulating savings. CDAs motivate and facilitate saving in ways that reflect developmental stages. Accumulating savings has positive economic and psychological meaning for CDA participants. CDAs overcome some obstacles in saving for the three groups, but other barriers remain, especially income flows, debt, and emergencies.     

Sex differences on the WISC-R for retarded children and youth

This study investigated sex differences on the WISC-R subtests for retarded males and females who were matched in terms of WISC-R Full Scale IQs. The sample consisted of 126 children and youth (63 females, 63 males) ranging in chronological age from 7–3 to 8–3, with a mean CA of 7–8. Each subject was matched in terms of Full Scale IQ score. A 2 × 10 analysis of variance with repeated measures on a single factor was used to analyze the data. Students' T and Fisher's F ratios were calculated, and differences between subtest means were analyzed by Newman-Keuls test for sample effects. Evidence from the investigation indicated that a significant interaction effect existed between sex and subtest scores.     

研究型大学科研组织的发展思考

研究型大学在开展高水平科学研究的过程中,科研组织的发展至关重要。探讨了大学在进行科学研究过程中科研组织的发展演变,并通过对国内外先进科研组织结构的分析,寻求对当今我国研究型大学科研组织建设的若干启示。     

Reflections on the state of educational technology research and development

In this article, I comment on the seven articles that appeared in the special issues of Educational Technology Research and Development (1998, 46(4); 1999, 47(2)) and an associated American Educational Research Association (AERA) symposium, as well as other selected developments in educational technology as presented in a recent edited volume (Jacobson & Kozma, in press). I address the importance of the research and development (R&D) described in these articles and identify five interconnected themes that cut across many of them: the centrality of design, the enabling capabilities of technology, collaboration with new partners, scaling up of projects, and the use of alternative research methodologies. Together, the projects described in these articles are defining new directions for educational technology that put it at the forefront of educational R&D. At the same time, I direct a critique and challenge to traditional instructional systems design (ISD) technology programs.     

名词、名词动用引发的隐喻思考

从认知语言学角度分析名词、名动转用中的隐喻思维过程,并以名词、名词动用的具体实例探讨其隐喻特点和语义理据,分析其习得过程中的心理活动和认知过程,指出这是一种以词义的隐喻派生为中心的、有效的词汇加工习得模式。     

由家长对学前儿童数学教育观念的调查所引发的思考

本文针对家长关于学前儿童数学教育的一些误区,探讨了学前阶段儿童教育的核心价值、教育方法及其重要意义,期望能帮助家长及教师树立正确教育观念,为幼儿今后的数学学习打下良好的基础。     

建立新型的教师教育制度与教学研究制度的实践与思考

与新课程相适应的教师教育和教学研究制度由制度规范和行动策略两部分组成。本以教师的专业发展为本提出了教师教育与教学研究的整合、校本与大校本结合、实施主体的职能转换、政府学校个人形成合力四项基本制度；并从定位、队伍、方式、专业引领、信息技术运用、培训课程六个方面提出了新的行动策略。     

大众传媒对青少年的影响研究综述

青少年平均每天花费6个多小时时间来使用媒体,并且他们绝大多数自己拥有独立的卧室电视、电脑、互联网络以及一部手机.在这篇文章中回顾了大量关于大众媒体对青少年影响的研究.认为大众媒体对青少年既有积极的影响,也有消极的影响,一方面它能促进了青少年健康成长;另一方面,对青少年暴力行为倾向、社会隔离、青少年肥胖、饮食失调、抽烟、饮酒以及性行为等都有很大负面影响.我们要利用其积极影响,并尽量减少消极的,推进青少年健康的发展.     

Behavior problems of children as perceived by teachers,mental health professionals,and children

The objective of this study was to examine current teacher and mental health professional ratings regarding the relative seriousness of 50 specific children's behavior problems and to compare the results to those found by Wickman (1928). Wickman's questionnaire and procedures were replicated to insure comparability. A second objective was to extend Wickman's work so that children's ratings of their own behavior problems may be ascertained. An increase in the similarity between teachers' and mental health professionals' judgements concerning the seriousness of specific children's behavior problems was found. These findings were attributable to a more pragmatic approach taken by mental health professionals. A very high agreement on the seriousness of specific behavior problem ratings was demonstrated by children and teachers. This similarity may be the result of proximity of effects.     

Teaching as a collective work: analysis,current research and implications for teacher education

This article investigates teaching as collective work. The goals, functions and forms of teachers' collective work and changes in the professional representations or repertoire of actions through collective activity are identified. A synthetic framework is outlined and shown to be useful in addressing the data, by revealing the importance of interactions in professional competence acquisition. The article relates this framework to data collected from new teachers in the induction year in Scottish secondary schools (age range of pupils 11–18 years) and discusses the relationship of collective work to competence standards. Some issues for teacher educators and further research questions are identified.     

Designing resilience research: Using multiple methods to investigate risk exposure,promotive and protective processes,and contextually relevant outcomes for children and youth

BackgroundInconsistent, poorly designed research on resilience in the human sciences has contributed to epistemological and ontological ambiguity which has fuelled claims that resilience as a concept is poorly theorized.ObjectiveBuilding on research with abused and neglected children around the world, the objective of this paper is to show that studies of resilience must account for: (a) risk exposure (of relevance in different contexts); (b) promotive and protective processes (internal and external resources associated with resilience across systems); and (c) desired outcomes (as privileged by stakeholders in different cultures and contexts).MethodBy identifying common aspects of resilience research from a purposeful selection of studies (ones with weak and strong methodologies), this paper identifies three dimensions of well-designed studies of childhood resilience.ResultsAttention to all three dimensions enhances both the empirical validity (in the quantitative research paradigm) and phenomenological trustworthiness (in qualitative research) of resilience research with children and families. Challenges researching resilience can also be resolved by designing studies that account for all three dimensions. These challenges include the lack of systemic thinking to account for contextual factors and other external threats to child wellbeing, and the excessive generalization of findings.ConclusionThis three-part model for resilience research reflects the very best practices among resilience researchers and has the potential to address the definitional and methodological ambiguity that plague studies of resilience.