POLICY STRATEGIES FOR THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AT EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES

Intended as an introduction and overview, this article previews the other contributions to the topic and places them in a general introductory context. The basic question is why women, who are not currently confronted with legal or overt discrimination with regard to entering and even thriving in academic careers, are still underrepresented in the academic world in Europe, particularly in the upper echelons of academic governance and power. Several possible explanations are given, in particular the failure of women to be prepared from an early age to be competitive in ways which boys are taught to take for granted, and their failure, not so much to engage in networking, but to penetrate the networks which count, most or all of which are in fact male dominated. Among the strategies which women may use to gain both presence and power in the academic world, the use of women's studies programmes is ruled out as being ultimately counterproductive. Likewise doubt is cast on the long‐term effectiveness of affirmative action programmes. Only remedies specific to the individual conditions of each country will be really helpful in aiding women to be more numerous in higher education, particularly in positions of power. However, in all the countries in question, women must be socialized so as to be willing to adopt behaviours conducive to academic success, and they must bring to bear the full resources of the social protection and welfare systems, all of which in the different countries of the Europe Region favour not only the progress of women, but the rational use of human resources.     

The testing program for the general college of the state teachers college,Kirksville, Missouri

This article considers the role of private schools in an assessment of segregation in K-12 schools, with special reference to the South. It presents evidence to support two main conclusions. First, private schools have grown in importance in the South since 1960, in contrast to their declining importance in the rest of the country. This contrary trend can be attributed to the region's small proportion of Catholics, to its rising affluence, and to school desegregation. Because of the typically large areas covered by school districts in the South, private schools have offered White families an especially effective means of avoiding exposure to non-Whites in schools, particularly in counties with very high minority concentrations. In those counties the rate at which Whites enrolled in private schools tended to rise with the percentage of all students who were non-White, increasing sharply in counties about 55% non-White. Second, the article presents measures of the extent to which private schools contribute to segregation in schools in all regions. Using data on public and private enrollments in 1999-2000, the article shows that private schools accounted for only about 16% of such segregation in the nation's metropolitan areas, with the bulk of segregation attributed to racial disparities between public school districts. For the nation, segregation increased between 1995-1996 and 1999-2000, and a rise in White private enrollments had a role in this increase.     

关于民族地区巩固和发展农村先进性教育成果的思考

巩固和发展民族地区农村先进性教育活动的顺利开展,为加强农村基层党组织执政能力建设、和谐社会建设、社会主义新农村建设提供强有力组织保证的基础。为此,必须进一步增强农村党员永葆先进性的责任感和使命感,确保党员经常受教育、群众长期得实惠,立足于社会主义新农村建设,始终坚持各族群众满意,理性务实地解决农村长期存在的突出问题,健全农村党员干部长效的激励机制,创新农村基层党组织设置形式,坚持用"三级联创"推进农村基层组织建设,依法加强宗教事务管理,健全强化县乡党委具体领导的长效保障机制。     

The Scientist as School Teacher

Many scientists, driven by the teaching impulse, idealism, or the wish to see science thrive in the United States, take up one or another form of school teaching or participate in programs designed to enhance science teachers' knowledge of science and science teaching skills. Funding is available, from governmental and private sources, to support innovative programs designed to increase the supply of well-trained science teachers. The provision of new funds to support graduate programs in fundamental science that provide a separate track for graduate students who choose a career in teaching, in preference to a career in the laboratory, is a particularly promising development. It is essential that such programs include proper training in pedagogy. Above all, the Nation must recognize the need to provide proper long-term salary support for science teachers in the public schools countrywide, if any of the programs to improve teaching is to succeed.     

我国现代高等教育管理体制改革的百年借鉴之路

一百年来,中国现代高等教育管理体制改革过程中的一个突出特点是,不断借鉴、模仿和融合西方现代高等教育管理体制模式：1895—1911年模仿日本模式、1911—1920年学习德国模式、1920—1949年借鉴美国模式、1949—1958照搬前苏联模式、1958年以后反思前苏联模式并积极探索新的管理体制、1978年党的十一届三中全会以来则逐步走向世界,借鉴世界各国高等教育的发展经验。     

论职高纯男生班异性交往的必要性

有些职高班是纯男生班,缺乏与异性交往的机会。重视职高纯男生班学生的异性交往,有利于他们性生理、性心理正常发展;有利于他们注重自身形象;有利于他们端正学习态度,提高学习效率;有利于他们收敛、矫正不良行为习惯;有利于他们今后的社会交往和家庭生活。     

A Case Study of Preschool Children’s Musical Interests at Home and at School

In the interaction between the child and the adult, interest can be a significant motivational initiator of activities. Systematic monitoring and development of the interest in music activities enables the teachers to influence the preschool children in forming a positive attitude towards the art of music. The research involving preschool teachers, children at the age of five to six and their parents, was conducted in order to determine the interest of preschool teachers and children in music activities. We found that the teachers showed greatest interest in singing songs, playing instruments and listening to music. The children’s favourite activities in kindergarten were movement to music (dancing), singing songs and playing on instruments, namely activities where they could take active part in the educational process. The parents reported that at home the children preferred most to listen to music, to sing songs and move to the sounds of music, and less to play on instruments and to be creative in music. The development of the children’s interest in music depends on the teachers’ expression of interest in music activities, on the choice of music activities and music contents and on the experience in the music environment of the family.     

试论学术道德失范的原因与对策

当前学术界存在学术道德失范的现象,其主要原因是学术人个体职业道德水平下滑造成的,学术道德教育没有得到社会应有的重视、不合理的学术利益引导机制、不甚健全的管理体制和缺乏行之有效的惩罚措施是其客观原因。遏制这一现象的发生和蔓延主要应重视学术道德修养和学术道德教育;改革现行的学术评价机制;规范学术管理;加大对学术腐败行为的惩处力度。     

论元代辞赋创作各个时期的不同情致

元代辞赋的一个主要特点就是“因情立赋”,但其不同时期所抒发的各种主要情感却不尽相同。元代前期辞赋作品的主要情感是积极用世、退隐自适、仕隐矛盾;元代中期辞赋作品的主要情感是赞美复科、崇古尚理、怨世自伤;元代后期辞赋作品的主要情感是超世解脱、批判现实、迎新怀旧。从抒情方面来看,元赋中一些优秀作品超唐越宋,起到了矫正唐律赋、宋文赋情感缺失的作用。     

试论农村小学英语课堂情趣学习策略

农村小学英语教师在课堂英语教学中必须具备情趣学习策略,即课堂直观教具的使用学习策略、师生情操的陶冶学习策略、课堂师生关系的情感学习策略、课堂英语教学中的成功关怀学习策略、课堂英语教学中的竞赛激励学习策略、课堂英语教学过程的服务学习策略、课堂英语教学活动的“双主体”学习策略、课堂英语教学的创新学习策略、课堂英语教学中的合作学习策略、培养学生参与英语语言活动意识的学习策略和课堂英语教学的诱导学习策略等。     

新时代我国职业教育改革与发展的定位与方向——《国家职业教育改革实施方案》解读

《国家职业教育改革实施方案》确定职业教育与普通教育是两种不同教育类型,为新时代我国职业教育作出了准确定位。坚持职业教育“姓职”,积极推进地方普通本科高校向应用型高校转型,破除高等职业教育学校身份困惑,加强中等职业教育,引导职业教育适应社会与产业发展需求,进一步提升职业教育人才培养质量,是新时代我国职业教育改革与发展的方向。职业教育各相关方应该积极行动起来,各尽其责,通力合作,携手认真贯彻落实好《国家职业教育改革实施方案》,让我国职业教育在新时代发展得更好、更快。     

农村中小学公民教育问题及对策分析

公民教育研究在我国学界方兴未艾,而农村中小学公民教育实施问题的相关研究却非常少。据最新人口普查结果显示,我国半数人口仍在农村。农村中小学的公民教育成为提高农民公民素质,建设新农村民主文明的重要途径。基于此,厘清公民教育内涵,探讨农村中小学公民教育实施的可能性,揭示其现实中面临的问题,以期为农村中小学实施公民教育提供可能的途径。     

“四会、四自”学生管理模式的探索与实践

随着我国高等教育事业的快速发展,高等教育体制改革逐步深入,传统的学生管理模式已很难适应形势发展的需要。因此,根据时代发展和大学生自我发展的需要,构建弘扬大学生主体性的学生管理模式就显得尤为重要,以引导学生学会做人、学会做事、学会学习和学会生存,促成学生在品格修炼上自律。在与人相处上自治、在知识探求上自觉和在生活管理上自理,实现学生管理从他律向自律的转变。     

法条竞合“禁止向一般条款逃避”之提倡——兼与张明楷教授商榷

在法条竞合的情况下,法律适用采用"重法优于轻法",类似民法上的"向一般条款逃避"。从民刑比较而言,刑法的形式理性更高,刑法适用更应禁止"向一般条款逃避";从法律解释看,格式合同尚且作出对提供文本一方不利的解释,刑法犹如国家与国民订立的格式合同,亦应作出对国民有利的解释;从罪刑法定原则看,犯罪构成要件明确性要求刑法适用禁止"向一般条款逃避",亦是明确性原则的题中应有之意;可见,禁止"向一般条款逃避"亦是刑法的适用铁则。为此,刑法立法上,普通法条应配置较轻的法定刑;司法上,应杜绝随意将普通法条扩大解释,严格普通法条的适用条件,即便例外适用"重法优于轻法",也应当以刑法的注意规定为限。     

The Researcher and the Studier: On Stress,Tiredness and Homelessness in the University

Recent European policy has seen a shift from a concern with lifelong learning in the Lisbon Strategy to research and innovation in the Horizon 2020 programme. Accordingly, there has been an increased policy focus on the researcher who, like the lifelong learner must be entrepreneurial, adaptable, mobile, but who must also find new ways in which to develop and deploy her skills and competences and smart solutions to current problems in order to ensure sustainability. The subject position of the researcher, therefore, is not a figure distinctive to the university today, but rather one required of us all. For the excellent researcher in the university, resources exist to enable her to identify those aspects of herself that are in need of development in order to keep all aspects of her personal and professional well‐being in balance, often drawn from the field of psychology. Here, rather than analysing directly the ways in which the researcher is addressed by such devices, we focus on the common experience of being in the university today. In everyday conversation, we do not describe ourselves as entrepreneurial, innovative, leading, etc., but more often as tired, stressed and not feeling at home there. Rather than taking these as impediments to productivity and aspects of ourselves requiring psychological strategies, the educational aspects of these are explored in relation to the figure of the studier, as developed from Giorgio Agamben by Tyson Lewis. The shift of discourse from lifelong learning to innovation and research in recent policy is seen to effect a further desubjectivation, a division of ourselves from ourselves.     

现代企业的负债经营

负债经营,是企业用已有的自有资金为基础,为了维系企业的正常营运,扩大经营规模、开创事业等,产生的财务需求。当发生现金流量不足,经由各种筹资渠道,以负债方式筹措资金,使企业能顺畅运作,达到经营目标。在市场经济条件下,负债经营对企业进行正当经营活动有其客观必然性,保持一定的借入资本是企业调节资金余缺和增加所有者权益,扩大经营规模的前提,但过度负债经营会加大企业的财务风险。本文通过对现代企业负债经营的分析,探讨企业经营负债的内涵及负债经营给企业带来的利益和风险,如何规避负债经营风险,进而实现负债经营给企业带来利润最大化之目标。     

力学课程特色教学与素质教育

力学课程中蕴含着丰富的人文因素。在教学过程中开展特色教学,有意识地引入力学课程中的辩证唯物主义、美学、品德等方面的素材,对学生进行人文素质教育,既能够活跃课堂气氛,也能够激发学生学习的积极性,更能够在传授科学知识的同时,让学生掌握分析和解决问题的辨证方法,引导学生建立正确的世界观、人生观,提高自身的美学修养和思想品德修养,从而促进学生的素质教育。     

高等教育外部质量保障体系闭环系统初探

阐述高等教育质量保障体系的涵义以及构建我国高等教育外部质量保障体系的理论基础。在此基础上,运用控制论闭环系统理论构建高等教育外部质量保障体系的闭环系统运行框架,旨在探讨构建新形势下高等教育教学质量管理的宏观监控平台,切实加强对高等教育质量的外部监控,保证高校人才培养质量的提高,实现高等教育健康、持续和协调地发展。     

汉语言文学专业写作实践教学改革的思考与探索

在探索汉语言文学专业改革的过程中,我们始终将"能写会说"定位为专业的核心能力,各措并举强化写作训练。为了进一步推进写作实践教学改革,探索写作实践教学新模式,我们率先在黟县屏山村建立了汉语言文学专业实践基地,带领学生在特定环境中深入生活,参与劳动、采访、调查等多种写作实践活动,让学生贴近生活、贴近底层、贴近心灵、贴近应用进行写作,这极大地提升了学生的综合素养和写作能力,作品的真实度、艺术性、感染力、说服力和文本的规范意识都得到显著提升。     

注重非语言因素训练提高普通话口语教学实效

在普通话教学与培训中,众多教师和学习者探索出了很多语言因素训练的好方法,如发音训练,正音训练等等,但是在实践中我们发现,仅仅加强语言因素的训练是远远不够的,还必须加强语言因素以外的能力和素质的训练,才能全面提高一个人的普通话水平。本文试着从教学和测试中常见的现象进行分析和探讨,提出在教学训练中应加强思维、阅读、兴趣、心理等非语言因素的指导,更有效地提高学生的普通话水平。