An Analysis of Krashen's Input Hypothesis on Listening Teaching

The Input Hypothesis is the most important one of Krashen’s theories of second language acquisition.It attempts to explain how learners acquire a second language.On the basis of the Input Hypothesis,Krashen introduces the concept of comprehensible input and puts forward the"i+1"principle.Inspired by the Input Hypothesis teachers can make proper arrangements at the pre-listening,the while-listening and the after-listening stage to make sure that learners get comprehensible input and their linguistic competence improve.     

Beyond production: learners’ perceptions about interactional processes

The interaction hypothesis of second language acquisition and associated work by Gass (Input, Interaction, and the Second Language Learner, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, 1997), Long (The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition, in: W.C. Ritchie, T.K. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of Language Acquisition, Volume 2: Second Language Acquisition, Academic Press, New York, 1996, pp. 413–468), Pica (Language Learning 44 (1994) 493) and Swain (Three functions of output in second language learning, in: G. Cook, B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics: Studies in Honour of H.G. Widdowson, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995, pp. 125–144) suggest that negotiated interaction facilitates SLA. Researchers have claimed that developmentally beneficial interactional opportunities for learners include obtaining comprehensible input, receiving feedback, being pushed to make targetlike modifications in output, and having opportunities to test linguistic hypotheses. The current study focuses on learners’ roles in relation to these interactional processes, and examines learners’ perspectives in relation to researchers’ claims about interactional benefits. Forty-six learners of ESL from different L1 backgrounds were videotaped while interacting with peers, a teacher, and native speakers in intact classrooms and dyadic settings. The learners later viewed the tapes and introspected about their thoughts at the time of the original interactions. Results suggest that there was substantial overlap between the researchers’ claims and learners’ comments in relation to many of the interactional opportunities. A qualitative exploration of the learners’ perspectives revealed interesting insights into their perceptions about interactional processes. Overall, this study indicates that interaction research could profit from utilizing learners’ perspectives to supplement production data in the ongoing debate about the potentially beneficial processes of interaction.     

Book floods and comprehensible input floods: providing ideal conditions for second language acquisition

In the field of second language (SL) learning there is now little argument that one of the ideal conditions for learning is the provision of ample language input, whether it is oral or written. The Fiji “Book Flood” was one of the earliest studies of the effect of the provision of opportunities for regular reading in the classroom on growth in English, an SL, and it strongly supported the above observation. This chapter will examine the debate about the provision of only comprehensible input and the need for learners to focus on form also. It will argue that the Fiji Book Flood provided ideal conditions for both comprehensible input and for focus on form. The findings showed that an enriched diet of regular reading, by students of Grades 4 and 5 in eight schools, accelerated the development of their second language proficiency in reading and listening, relative to those of matched control groups. The experiment was carried on for another year and the gains were sustained; the impact of the experiment was extended to writing and English grammar as well. Interestingly, this enhancement in SL proficiency was found to have a positive effect upon children's proficiency in the first language also.     

教师话语对学习者语言输入与输出的作用

教师话语是学生在课堂上语言输入的重要组成部分,它在组织课堂教学和学习者语言习得过程中起着至关重要的作用,直接影响着学习者的语言输出。但长期以来很多教师并没有意识到自己的话语对学生输入、输出的影响及其在指导课堂交互中所起的作用。本文主要以克拉申的“可理解性语言输入”及斯万的“输出假说”为理论基础探讨了教师话语对语言输入与输出的影响。     

二语习得理论与远程教育

Moore和Kearsley(1996)主张远程教育者应提供三种互动形式:1.学习者和学习内容之间的互动;2.学习者和学习指导员之间的互动;3.学习者相互之间的互动.根据互动学的二语习得理论和Kransen理论的一致可知充分理解的输入是二语习得的关键,互动有助于二语的习得和增强语言的流利程度.当然有效的信息输出对二语的习得也很重要.     

中介语理论研究及其对外语教学的启示

中介语是二语习得过程中形成的介于母语和目的语之间的过渡性语言系统,是二语习得必经之路。本研究通过分析中介语的系统性、可变性和石化性等特点及中介语产生的根源,指出在外语教学中应正确处理学习者的语言错误、正确把握可理解性的和高质量的输入、尽量多为学习者创造实践的机会等途径,以促进中介语尽快地、顺利地向目的语靠拢。     

课堂互动与二语学习的关系

课堂互动为二语学习者提供了类似母语的教学环境，增加了学习者的可理解输入，有利于二语学习。对课堂互动中教师话语、纠错方式，国外有不少实证研究。课堂互动的实施方式以任务型教学、小班授课和小组活动为主。课堂互动是二语学习的方式之一，但不是惟一的方式。同时这种方式并不适合各种层次的学习者。了解这一点对我们英语教师十分必要。     

基于二语学习方法研究的英语教学

外语学习与第二语言学习是不同的。第二语言学习是指学习者大量接受可理解的语言输入,自然而然的习得语言。本文根据学习者对二语的学习方法等,针对英语教学中出现的问题提出具体的解决对策,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

大学外语课堂学习焦虑与课堂纠错相关关系研究

Krashen(1985)认为焦虑作为重要的情感因素在外语学习中起着非常重要的作用。焦虑感越强者,情感屏障越高,获得的输入就越少,从而对外语学习产生一定的阻碍;反之,则容易得到更多的输入,更加有利于外语学习。笔者认为在语言教学中,既要防止语言僵化,又要降低学习者的焦虑。所以,本文将利用SPSS17.0对俄语课堂学习焦虑与课堂纠错的关系进行分析研究,并以此研究结果为依据,对教师在俄语课堂如何对待学生的错误以及如何减轻学生的学习焦虑提出一些建议。     

从建构主义理论看第二语言习得语言输入与输出

语言输入与输出在第二语言习得中起着重要的作用。对这二者的研究已成为二语习得研究中不可分割的组成部分。在建构主义理论框架下,人们对第二语言习得的语言输入及输出的研究有了新的视角,认为在语言输入和语言输出过程中,二语学习者都发挥着积极主动的作用。在语言输入的过程中,二语学习者不再是被动消极地吸收语言知识,而是积极主动地去建构不同于以前的新的语言知识体系。二语学习者在二语输出过程中,更能体现出其主动建构的行为。     

教师纠正反馈对学生语言输入/输出的影响分析

文章根据Lyster和RantA所给的模式,通过一定量的课堂观察等实验,对综合英语课堂中教师的口语纠正反馈对学生的语言输入和语言输出的影响进行分析。结果发现,交际互动中教师对学生口语错误的纠正反馈能较大程度上引起学生对正确语言的理解,并对错误做出一定量的修正;适当的教师纠正反馈能加强学生的语言输入,促进学生正确的语言输出,对学生英语学习有积极的影响,因此,在综合英语课堂中教师对学生的口语错误有必要进行适当的纠正反馈。     

有效口语输出对英语口语教学的作用

在英语口语教学中,我们不仅要关注语言的输入内容,更应关注口语的有效输出。从教师的角度来说,以学生的有效口语输出为教学目的,教师的教学内容会更充实,教学效果会更好;此外,学习者的有效口语输出会成为教师评价其教学效果的有效材料,从而对教师的口语教学具有指导性的意义。从学习者自身的角度来说,有效的口语输出能够强化学习者对语言输入材料的掌握;对于课堂上的其他学习者来说,有效的语言输出起到了良好的示范作用,因此成为新的语言输入材料,从而为他们有效的口语输出活动起到了推动作用。因此,在英语口语教学中,教师应特别关注学习者的有效口语输出。     

兼顾输入输出,实现读写联动

Krashen的语言输入假设强调大量可理解语言输入对习得语言的重要性,Swain的语言输出假设强调了可理解的语言输出对语言的习得的三方面作用。结合两者的理论,本文通过调整阅读输入的质量,重视写作输出的过程来兼顾输入和输出,以便最终实现阅读和写作的联动。     

Emergent Target Language Identities Among Latino English Language Learners

During 2nd language acquisition, a learner’s identity is consigned, juxtaposed, coconstructed, and reified through various affective positions and mitigating linguistic behaviors. Our study of adult Latino ESL students in Dallas, Texas, shows how language socialization experiences are shaped by the learners’ affective stances toward the project of learning and using the English language. Students reflected on how their specific social barriers created conditions that impeded interaction with interlocutors who could potentially aid their socialization process in English.     

写作与二语习得

写作历史性地被认为只是口语的记载,是一种为记录和传播口语而出现的现代发明,并长期被排斥于应用语言学研究的边缘。这种偏见因而造成了二语习得研究对写作的忽视。事实上,写作作为一种语言输出形式,是与口语输出同样重要的有效交际行为,能在二语学习过程中减轻面对面交际给学习者带来的心理压力,并有助于语言知识的内化。网络电子邮件的出现更突显了写作在二语习得中的作用。因此,如何利用写作来促进二语学习应成为二语习得研究的一个重点。     

Contemporary Development in English Listening Instruction

Listening is an essential communication skill which occupies a significant position in most language tests in China which are intended for EFL(English as foreign language) learners,from children to adults.Consequently,how to make people in ESL(English as a second language) or EFL context be active learners especially for the language beginners is not always an easy work.This paper is an attempt at introducing a new development in listening instruction along with evaluating whether this new approach can be applied in daily teaching in China.     

输入与输出研究对英语听力教学的启示

听力教学在英语言教学中占据着重要的地位,听也和说、读、写等其他语言技能有着紧密的相关性。该文基于输入与输出研究,探讨了如何进行有效的英语听力教学,并认为有效的可理解性输入与输出对听力教学的意义都是重大的,听力教学本身也是输入与输出同时进行的双向课堂活动。     

论意义磋商对语言输入与输出的重要意义

意义磋商可以使学习者获得更多的可理解输入，可以推动学习者进行语言输出。教师应努力建立有利于师生之问、生生之问进行意义磋商的课堂互动模式。     

The Study of Strategies in College English Translation Teaching from the Perspective of Input and Output Theory

Research on SLA gives highlights to English translation teaching. The second language acquisition is a cognitive process of understanding and outputting the second language by making use of strategies, which contains language input, learners' linguistic knowledge, and language output. This paper analyzes language input and output theory and then proposes that we should stress language input by practice and interaction and at the same time focus on the role of language output in college English translation teaching.     

Learning to teach writing through tutoring and journal writing

Structured reflection on practical teaching experiences may help pre‐service teachers to integrate their learning and analyze their actions to become more effective learners and teachers. This study reports on 12 pre‐service English as a second language (ESL) teachers’ individual tutoring of learners of English language writing. The data of the study are the writing journal entries that the pre‐service ESL teachers maintained during their tutoring experience. These journals had common elements: all were used by the pre‐service teachers to consider what funds of knowledge they bring to their teaching of ESL learners, to evaluate their roles as writers, learners and teachers and to reflect on the educational, social and cultural implications of teaching writing in English to speakers of other languages. This article describes ways in which both native and non‐native English speaking pre‐service teachers adapted their instruction to meet the particular needs of individual ESL writers and what they learned in the process. It provides insight regarding the value of using tutoring and reflection generally in teacher education and specifically in the preparation of teachers of ESL.