Psychometric properties of the Brunel Mood Scale in Chinese adolescents and adults

Abstract

Building on the work of Terry and colleagues (Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L. (1999). Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 861–872; Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., & Fogarty, G. J. (2003). Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States-Adolescents for use with adults. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 4, 125–139.), the present study examined the validity and internal consistency reliability of the Chinese version of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS-C) among 2,548 participants, comprising adolescent athletes (n = 520), adult athletes (n = 434), adolescent students (n = 673), and adult students (n = 921). Both adolescent and adult athletes completed the BRUMS-C before, during, or after regular training and both adolescent and adult students completed the BRUMS-C in a classroom setting. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) provided support for the factorial validity of a 23-item six-factor model, with one item removed from the hypothesised measurement model. Internal consistency reliabilities were satisfactory for all subscales across each of the four samples. Criterion validity was supported with strong relationships between the BRUMS-C, abbreviated POMS, and Chinese Affect Scale consistent with theoretical predictions. Multi-sample CFAs showed the BRUMS-C to be invariant at the configural, metric, strong, and structural levels for all samples. Furthermore, latent mean difference analyses showed that athletes reported significantly higher levels of fatigue than students while maintaining almost the same levels of vigour, and adolescent students reported significantly higher levels of depressed mood than the other three samples.     

关于有氧运动对心境状态及心理健康影响的研究

通过实验比较的方法,使用心境状态量表(POMS)及心理健康自测量表(SCL-90)研究工具,目的在于研究有氧运动对心境状态及心理健康的影响。实验结果表明:有氧运动对心境状态及心理健康有积极作用,特别是对紧张、抑郁、精力、慌乱、自尊等因素有积极影响,可改善强迫、焦虑、精神病史等方面的作用。     

The effect of induced mood states on performance profile areas of perceived need

The performance profile technique is now widely used by a range of sports scientists, usually as the first step in implementing a training programme. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of altered mood states on areas of perceived need for an individual identified by the performance profile. Sixty-seven university sports science students (30 females, 37 males) participated in the study. They completed their performance profile and a shortened version of the Bi-polar Profile of Mood States before and after four separate mood manipulation treatments (happy, sad, neutral, control). The participants were allocated at random to one of four groups and completed the treatments in a counterbalanced order. Mood manipulation checks identified that both the happy and sad manipulations were successful. Profile areas of perceived need, identified through discrepancies in an individual's perceptions of ideal and current state, were not affected by the sad and neutral manipulations or by the control condition. However, areas of perceived need were significantly lower after the happy mood manipulation than before the treatment. Our results show that asking individuals to complete their profiles when in a happy mood state is likely to affect judgements and result in an underestimation of perceived need for improvement.     

民间传统体育锻炼对心理健康的影响

使用心理健康诊断测验 (NHT)和心境状态量表 (POMS)等研究工具 ,通过实验比较的方法 ,旨在研究民间传统体育锻炼与心理健康之间的关系。     

The Use of Generalizability Theory in Examining the Dependability of Scores on the Profile of Mood States

The dependability of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) is examined in several different ways and, in doing so, illustrates the flexibility of Generalizability theory. One issue evaluated is the impact of changing the design by sampling more dimensions of mood disturbance, or by increasing the numbers of items per subscale. The second issue examined is the impact of considering scales as fixed effects versus random effects. Each of the POMS' 6 subscales displayed reasonably high G coefficients (ξρ ≥ .74). The generalizability of the overall Total Mood Score (TMS) was found to be fairly high (-.90), even if scales were treated as random. In the random case, generalizability would tend to increase modestly if the number of scales were increased, and would increase very little if the number of items per scale were doubled. Treating subscales as fixed had a substantial positive impact on the dependability of the TMS, yielding a G coefficient of .96.     

体育锻炼作为大学生应对策略的研究

针对特定的考试应激，使用心境状态量表（POMS）和锻炼感觉量表（EFI），通过实验比较的方法，研究体育锻炼作为应对策略降低应激反应的效果。实验结果表明，大学生参与体育锻炼能够有效地降低考试后产生的应激反应，改善心境状态；体育锻炼对心境状态的改善与运动愉快感的产生之间存在显著意义的相关关系。     

Training of elite cyclists: effects on mood state and selected hormonal responses

The psychobiological status of cyclists over a period of 8 months of training was assessed by measuring the sympatho-adrenal level, the central noradrenergic activity, and the cortisol-testosterone ratio status noninvasively. Alteration of these indices after a large increase in training load lasting 4 days (+ 187%) was also examined. Urinary excretion of methoxyamines (metanephrine, normetanephrine) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulphate (MHPG-S), and salivary concentrations of cortisol and testosterone, were measured in 12 national cyclists after a non-specific training period and 48 h before 4 days of increased training (T1), after these 4 days (T2) and at the end of 4 months of specific training (T3). Urinary and salivary samples were also collected during a rest period (T0). At each of these times, mood states and ratings of perceived muscle soreness were assessed, and a questionnaire of early clinical symptoms of the overtraining syndrome (Profile of Mood States) was administered. A significant increase in normetanephrine (P < 0.05) and a decrease in the testosterone-cortisol ratio (P < 0.05) were observed at T2, while MHPG-S excretion remained unchanged. Over the same periods, increased training loads did not induce mood disturbances. Eight months of training were associated with significant alterations in metanephrine (P < 0.05) and MHPG-S (P < 0.05). These results suggest a dissociation between the neural and endocrine catecholaminergic components systems. Opposite responses between MHPG-S and Profile of Mood States scores show that further investigations are needed to understand the relationship between central noradrenergic function, which is recognized as a regulatory factor of mood, and psychological tests measuring mood.     

体育活动作为考试应激的应付方法研究

选择特定的考试应激情境，使用心境状态量表（POMS）和锻炼感觉量表（EFI），通过实验比较的方法，目的为研究体育活动作为应付方法降低考试应激的效果，实验结果表明，参与体育活动能够有效地降低考试后产生的应激反应，改善心境状态；体育活动时心境状态的改善与运动愉快感的产生之间存在显著意义的相关关系。     

The Validity and Reliability of Two Different Versions of the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile

Physical self-perceptions have been found to be important determinants of self-esteem and exercise behavior. Research into the development of physical self-perceptions during childhood may lead to insights into how to promote both positive self-esteem and active lifestyles among children and youth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (CY-PSPP) in young children. Previous research with this instrument had validated this instrument with adolescents in seventh and eighth grade, but no research has been done on younger children. Children (n = 152; 72 boys and 80 girls) from the fourth and fifth grade were given two different forms of the CY-PSPP in a counterbalanced design. The original form utilized a structured alternative format, whereas the modified version used a simpler, 4-point Likert scale. The factorial validity and internal reliability of the CY-PSPP scales were well supported with the original version, but not with the modified version. Correlations between the CY-PSPP subdomains and objective measures of fitness also supported the construct validity of the original version of this instrument in this population. The results of this study document that the original version of the CY-PSPP can provide valid and reliable information about physical self-perceptions in children as young as 9 years of age. The use of the modified version would not be recommended without further analysis of the factorial validity.     

健美课与大学生心理健康效应研究

研究目的是为大学体育课效果评价和个体评价提供心理依据。以16 0名男大学生为研究对象,研究工具为POMS量表、自尊量表和10项陈述测验,统计方法为多元方差分析、单因素方差分析等。研究结果显示,健美课可能对大学生产生心理健康效应;使他们在面对紧张、愤怒和疲劳时,有应对的自信和能力;健美课的身心交互作用可能对提高大学生的自信心和精力感有促进作用;对于他们的情绪调节和改善心境亦有积极影响;健美课杠铃负重练习的特点可能诱发大学生积极的思维和情感。     

民间传统体育锻炼对心理健康的影响

使用心理健康诊断测验（ＭＨＴ）和心境状态量表（ＰＯＭＳ）等研究工具,通过实验比较的方法,旨在研究民间传统体育锻炼与心理健康之间的关系。实验结果表明：参与民间传统体育锻炼有利于增进心理健康,改善心境状态。民间传统体育能够作为体育教学的教材。     

Monitoring biological and psychological measures throughout an entire season in male handball players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to monitor biological markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, mood states, and recovery-stress states throughout an entire season in male handball players. Fourteen handball players (age 20.1±2.5 years) with a regular training and competitive background in handball (11.0±3.7 years) from the same club volunteered to participate. All participants completed 40 weeks of training. The training load was increased progressively throughout the season. Blood samples were collected and questionnaires were administered during preparatory, competitive, and recovery periods. Blood C-reactive protein and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations increased during periods of high load, while the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) decreased. These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in total leukocyte count. Positive correlations were found between C-reactive protein, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio, and training load. No changes were observed in the Total Mood Disturbance score of the Profile of Mood States (POMS). However, scores on some Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes subscales, such as Injury, Physical Recovery, and Being in Shape, correlated with training load. Findings indicate that during periods of high training load, handball players developed a low grade of inflammation and oxidative state. Results support the usefulness of monitoring psychological and biological markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and training load during season.     

Training of elite cyclists: effects on mood state and selected hormonal responses

The psychobiological status of cyclists over a period of 8 months of training was assessed by measuring the sympatho-adrenal level, the central noradrenergic activity, and the cortisol?-?testosterone ratio status non-invasively. Alteration of these indices after a large increase in training load lasting 4 days (?+?187%) was also examined. Urinary excretion of methoxyamines (metanephrine, normetanephrine) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulphate (MHPG-S), and salivary concentrations of cortisol and testosterone, were measured in 12 national cyclists after a non-specific training period and 48 h before 4 days of increased training (T₁), after these 4 days (T₂) and at the end of 4 months of specific training (T₃). Urinary and salivary samples were also collected during a rest period (T₀). At each of these times, mood states and ratings of perceived muscle soreness were assessed, and a questionnaire of early clinical symptoms of the overtraining syndrome (Profile of Mood States) was administered. A significant increase in normetanephrine (P <?0.05) and a decrease in the testosterone?-?cortisol ratio (P <?0.05) were observed at T₂, while MHPG-S excretion remained unchanged. Over the same periods, increased training loads did not induce mood disturbances. Eight months of training were associated with significant alterations in metanephrine (P?<?0.05) and MHPG-S (P?<?0.05). These results suggest a dissociation between the neural and endocrine catecholaminergic components systems. Opposite responses between MHPG-S and Profile of Mood States scores show that further investigations are needed to understand the relationship between central noradrenergic function, which is recognized as a regulatory factor of mood, and psychological tests measuring mood.     

The application of transformational leadership theory to parenting: questionnaire development and implications for adolescent self-regulatory efficacy and life satisfaction

We draw upon transformational leadership theory to develop an instrument to measure transformational parenting for use with adolescents. First, potential items were generated that were developmentally appropriate and evidence for content validity was provided through the use of focus groups with parents and adolescents. We subsequently provide evidence for several aspects of construct validity of measures derived from the Transformational Parenting Questionnaire (TPQ). Data were collected from 857 adolescents (M(age) = 14.70 years), who rated the behaviors of their mothers and fathers. The results provided support for a second-order measurement model of transformational parenting. In addition, positive relationships between mothers' and fathers' transformational parenting behaviors, adolescents' self-regulatory efficacy for physical activity and healthy eating, and life satisfaction were found. The results of this research support the application of transformational leadership theory to parenting behaviors, as well as the construct validity of measures derived from the TPQ.     

Die Messung aktuellen Wohlbefindens im Gesundheitssport

There is a growing body of evidence that physical activity has under certain circumstances a positive influence on actual well-being. Actors in health sports should hence be able to investigate their actions regarding the influence on the well-being of the participants. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the existing methods of measurement concerning actual well-being and to publish recommendations for the practical application. Therefore the search was narrowed down to multidimensional questionnaires, measuring the actual well-being. Five instruments, e. g. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), “Befindlichkeitsskalen” (BFS), Profile of Mood States (POMS) are finally reviewed after an introduction which outlines the categories of well-being and reviews the mechanisms which have been suggested to explain the beneficial effects of exercise. The questionnaires vary sizably concerning the theoretical background, the psychometric properties and their structure. The suitability for various domains can be verified regarding these differences. The POMS for example can be recommended because of the international comparability, the PANAS because of the time-efficient use and the BFS because of their extensive use in the German-speaking world.     

Effect of tapering period on plasma hormone concentrations,mood state,and performance of elite male cyclists

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effect of 1- and 3-week tapering periods on concentrations of plasma testosterone (T), cortisol (C), T/C ratio, mood state, and performance in elite male cyclists. After 8 weeks of progressive training, cyclists were randomly assigned to a control group (n=12) who continued performing intense training for a further 3 weeks, or a taper group (n=12) who continued with a 50% reduction in training volume. Blood testosterone and cortisol concentrations were assayed and the T/C ratio calculated from analysis obtained via standard ELISA. Mood state was determined using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. All data were collected immediately after a 40-km time-trial performed before, during, and after the 8-week training protocol and after the 1- and 3-week tapering/training periods. In the taper group, 40-km time-trial time decreased significantly (P<0.01) and equally for both the 1- and 3-week taper periods relative to the control group. There were significant elevations in T/C ratio (P<0.001) and reductions in cortisol concentrations and POMS scores in the taper group relative to the control groups at the end of both the 1- and 3-week tapering periods. Hence, taper periods are effective in improving performance and mood state and elevating the blood T/C ratio.     

Validation of a short physical activity recall questionnaire completed by Spanish adolescents

Abstract

Self-report recall questionnaires are commonly used to measure physical activity in children and adolescents. However, they have been shown to have low to moderate validity, mainly due to inaccuracies in recall activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of an adapted version of the Assessment of Physical Activity Levels Questionnaire (APALQ) among a sample of Spanish adolescents. Test–retest reliability of the APALQ was assessed using a sample of 150 adolescents (72 males, 78 females), aged 13.6±1.1 years, who answered the APALQ twice within 7 days. Criterion validity was assessed using a sample of 77 adolescents (50 males, 27 females), aged 13.6±1.1 years, by comparing the APALQ against the Computer Science and Application (CSA) monitor. All participants were volunteers recruited from local schools in the Aragon region of Spain. Test–retest reliability for all items was high with intra-class coefficients of 0.77 for boys and 0.74 for girls. The APALQ demonstrated modest criterion validity with Pearson correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.53 between Physical Activity Index (PAI) and CSA minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity, and 0.47 between PAI and CSA steps per day. When the data were analysed by gender, girls had higher correlations than boys (P < 0.01). The Spanish APALQ seems to be a valid and reliable short self-report physical activity questionnaire.     

Effects of intense exercise on the physiological and mental condition of female university judoists during a training camp

To clarify the physical and mental fatigue caused by intense exercise and the relationship between the two types of fatigue, we examined changes in anthropometric and biochemical variables, neutrophil function, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire in 13 female university judoists attending a one-week training camp. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, haemoglobin, leukocyte count, IgG, and phagocytic activity all decreased after the training camp compared with baseline (P < or = 0.046). Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and neutrophil oxidative burst activity increased after the training camp (P < or = 0.007). Of the POMS scores, that for Fatigue increased after the training camp (P = 0.041) and that for Vigour decreased (P = 0.042). The changes in several POMS scores correlated with the changes in blood biochemical variables. In particular, the change in Total mood disturbance was negatively associated with changes in myogenic enzymes (P < or = 0.032). Our results suggest that intense exercise during training camps for female judoists leads to the appearance and accumulation of mental and physical fatigue, which are related to each other.     

大学生身体自尊量表的修订与检验

研究通过对498名中国大学生的自尊问卷调查，结果发现身体自尊是组成中国大学生自尊的重要成分；在此基础上，作者对引进的大学生身体自尊量表（PSPP）进行了修订，旨在为研究我国大学生身体自尊提供科学的测量工具。对194名中国大学生进行了修订后大学生身体自尊量表（包括身体自我价值感主量表和运动技能、身体状况、身体吸引力和身体素质4个分量表）的信、效度检验，结果表明该量表具有较好的信度和效度。但在结构效度上有一些疑问仍需进一步考察。     

青少年户外运动动机对运动坚持性的影响:运动氛围的中介作用

鉴于户外运动对青少年教育和发展的重要性,提高青少年户外运动的坚持性将吸引越来越多的关注.采用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析对自行编制的[青少年户外运动动机量表]、[青少年户外运动氛围量表]和[青少年户外运动坚持性量表]进行严格的信、效度检验,然后采用逐步回归分析对运动动机、运动氛围和运动坚持性间的关系进行检验.结果表明,3个量表都具有可靠的信、效度,可以作为测量青少年户外运动动机、运动氛围和运动坚持性的有效工具;青少年户外运动氛围(人际关联、自然关联和信息获取)在运动动机(自我突破、能力、自主选择和个人投入)对运动坚持性的预测中均起部分中介作用.