信息污染综合症和信息技术恐惧综合症——信息科学研究的两个新课题

近年来,随着信息社会化和社会信息化的飞速发展,过去潜在的信息和信息技术在人文与社会层面的问题已越来越显现出来。这些问题虽然在表面上已不再是纯粹的信息科学问题,而是比较突出的“社会问题”、“心理问题”和“健康问题”,但它们又是信息科学研究者所必须面对、重视和研究的。在这些问题中,“信息污染综合症”和“信息技术恐惧综合症”是所谓“信息病”中的两种常见病,颇值得一提。1 信息污染综合症 所谓“信息污染综合症”,是指信息接受者在一定时间内接受了超出机体承受能力的大量繁杂的信息后,来不及分解消化,大脑受到干扰而产生疲劳反应,发生“信息消化不良”,从而导致烦躁不安、头晕脑胀、思维与判断能力下降、消化功能紊乱等症状;     

信息社会与安全

在信息社会犯罪不断涌现，主要有信息污染与滥用、信息窃取和盗用、信息欺诈和勒索、信息攻击和破坏等，信息犯罪有着智能性、隐蔽性、多样性和复杂性等特征，为此，必须从各方面来加强信息安全。     

计算机网络环境中信息资源建设存在的问题

从计算机网络中信息本身、信息技术、信息监督与管理的角度,探讨计算机网络环境中信息资源建设和计算机网络环境中信息组织、信息安全技术、网络犯罪等方面存在的问题。     

信息产业的形成机制剖析

本文深入分析了信息产业形成的内在动因和外因影响因素，对其相互作用关系进行了探讨，并在此基础上阐述了信息产业的形成机制。     

关于图书馆网络信息过滤问题的思考

网络的迅速发展，使信息的传递更加方便和快捷，但随之出现了“信息过载”、“信息超载”及负面信息在网络广泛传播等问题。为了不让那些负面的、无用的信息影响到图书馆的信息服务，图书馆应考虑通过信息技术对网络信息进行过滤。     

信息污染问题研究思路

就信息污染问题研究而言，“五种关系的探讨与研究”是路向，“主体与客体关系的研究”是“号角”，“制度主义与现实主义的探讨与实现”是“旗帜”，“网络时代的思想与文化建设”是“我们坚守的阵地”，西方两大传统——科学主义与人文主义的“合理内核”是我们研究的力量。     

网络信息利用中存在的问题及其技术防范

概述了网络信息利用中存在的诸多问题，指出了解决这些问题的技术防范对策。     

图书馆学会如何在全民阅读活动中发挥作用

图书馆学会以图书馆行业管理、当好政府的参谋和推动图书馆事业发展为出发点,在学术研究、教育培训、馆际协作、编辑出版、行业服务、倡导阅读等方面发挥越来越大的作用。本文就新时期图书馆学会在全民阅读中如何发挥作用加以闸述。     

信息技术的发展对信息弱势群体信息行为的影响

文章通过问卷调查和随机访谈的方法,获取柳州市信息弱势群体的信息行为的相关数据,利用质性和量化的方法进行实证分析,揭示了在信息技术快速发展的环境下信息弱势群体一些具有重要意义的信息行为特征,为优化信息弱势群体的信息服务提供定量依据和帮助。     

泛在信息社会下医务人员的信息素养

阐述了泛在信息社会的内涵及特征、泛在信息社会下医务人员信息素养的内涵和构成,提出了在新的环境下培养和提高医务人员信息素养的途径。     

Information policy, information access, and democratic participation: The national and international implications of the Bush administration’s information politics

Much of information policy is focused on establishing the parameters of information access—ensuring or limiting access to certain types of information. Given how central information access is to virtually every aspect of society, policy can be seen as one of the most significant forces influencing the information society. Recent events, however, have fueled changes in the ways that some governments use policy to shape access, none more significantly than the United States. This paper examines the meanings of and relationships between policy and access, as well as their key roles in society and democratic participation. Following an examination of the historical and social impacts of policies about access, the article analyzes the perspectives of the Bush administration on how policy should shape information access as an illustration of the relationships between policy and access. The paper examines the issues raised by the Bush administration’s views on access and policy and the implications of their policies for the United States, for the global information society, and for research related to information. Ultimately, the paper raises questions about the extent to which information policies about access can be used for overtly political purposes, what might be described as “information politics,” without significantly altering the meaning of information access in a society.     

Evolving local and global weighting schemes in information retrieval

This paper describes a method, using Genetic Programming, to automatically determine term weighting schemes for the vector space model. Based on a set of queries and their human determined relevant documents, weighting schemes are evolved which achieve a high average precision. In Information Retrieval (IR) systems, useful information for term weighting schemes is available from the query, individual documents and the collection as a whole. We evolve term weighting schemes in both local (within-document) and global (collection-wide) domains which interact with each other correctly to achieve a high average precision. These weighting schemes are tested on well-known test collections and are compared to the traditional tf-idf weighting scheme and to the BM25 weighting scheme using standard IR performance metrics. Furthermore, we show that the global weighting schemes evolved on small collections also increase average precision on larger TREC data. These global weighting schemes are shown to adhere to Luhn’s resolving power as both high and low frequency terms are assigned low weights. However, the local weightings evolved on small collections do not perform as well on large collections. We conclude that in order to evolve improved local (within-document) weighting schemes it is necessary to evolve these on large collections.     

The role of educational information systems for survival in information society and the case of Pakistan

The study reviews the important role of information systems and their impact on educational planning and development. It also attempts to identify gaps in the provision of information needed by educational administrators who are key planners of education enterprise in Pakistan. It intended to determine their views about the development, objectives and needed services of a user centered information system for educational administrators. To achieve these objectives, a literature review, questionnaire survey and interviews were conducted. Thus, the educational administrators (i.e., registrars/deans/chairpersons in universities and principals of schools and colleges) were identified as the target population for the survey and were selected through cluster sampling. The respondents were from the Punjab province and Islamabad Capital Territory. In total, 297 (99%) responses were received and analyzed quantitatively. Interviews of purposively selected educational administrators were also conducted for a more in-depth understanding of respondents’ points of view. This triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods helped in understanding the phenomena under study. Recommendations and conclusions are also drawn in the light of findings of the study. The study is the first one of its type that tried to probe the gaps in the process of accurate/valid information supply to educational administrators and planners. This gap is causing serious challenges for education in Pakistan.     

Government information sharing: Principles, practice, and problems — An international perspective

In an overview of information sharing environments in selected countries, this article examines the legal controls on such exchanges from an international perspective. These are important considerations in many regards. An initial theoretical analysis regards such sharing as an efficiency matter, then turns to specific settings and the conditions framing those environments. Common issues are then summarized and general principles are considered thereafter with a view to the future and what other nations might pursue in these regards.     

科研人员情报接受现状的调查与分析

论文对科研人员的情报接受现状、情报接受不理想的原因、如何解决情报不足及其对文献情报工作的意见进行调查，并在量化分析的基础上对情报接受的主客观因素进行探讨。     

An outranking approach for information retrieval

Over the last three decades, research in Information Retrieval (IR) shows performance improvement when many sources of evidence are combined to produce a ranking of documents. Most current approaches assess document relevance by computing a single score which aggregates values of some attributes or criteria. They use analytic aggregation operators which either lead to a loss of valuable information, e.g., the min or lexicographic operators, or allow very bad scores on some criteria to be compensated with good ones, e.g., the weighted sum operator. Moreover, all these approaches do not handle imprecision of criterion scores. In this paper, we propose a multiple criteria framework using a new aggregation mechanism based on decision rules identifying positive and negative reasons for judging whether a document should get a better ranking than another. The resulting procedure also handles imprecision in criteria design. Experimental results are reported showing that the suggested method performs better than standard aggregation operators.     

档案馆的社交媒体信息存档实践进展与策略展望

针对档案馆社交媒体信息存档行动的调查与分析,旨在明确实践进展与特征,深化档案馆视角下有关社交媒体信息存档的理论认知与实践策略。通过对指导式接收、主动式捕获与协作式共建三大类实践的整合,社交媒体信息存档的对象、主体、方法和成果的多维特征得以解析。由此,从以下方面提出发展策略:基于档案馆条件明确存档对象、面向多元主体协同升级档案馆功能、立足制度与技术的存档方法建构、以行动为导向推动存档成果。