民族性·时代性·儿童性--敖德斯尔儿童小说创作论略(上)

考察敖德斯尔20世纪50-60年代儿童小说创作，从中看到儿童学民族性在这些作品中的独特体现；看到儿童学民族性的内涵在历史变迁、时代前进中不断地丰富、发展，又因为融入了儿童情趣而更觉鲜明、生动。     

安徒生童话在“五四”时期

安徒生童话对中国儿童学产生了 至为深远的影响。安徒生童话被介绍进入中国并为中国儿童学界所称誉、所推崇，有着特定的历史渊源。到了“五四”时代，随着“人”的发现而发现了“儿童”，人们才发现了安徒生，选择安徒生是中国儿童学建设初期焦虑与期待的结果。安徒生童话为中国现代儿童学注入了新的元素。     

政治批判工具与好儿童——80年代初期小说创作中的儿童形象

在政治观念强化的80年代初期的小说创作中，儿童形象偏离了作为“人”的生活真实性，发生了变异：文革书写中的儿童出现了成熟化形象、在反应教化问题的小说中表现为好儿童形象，总体而言儿童角色处于工具化状态。当然，同期也有一部分尊重儿童的内心情感世界，使儿童本体得到隐性的表达的非主流作品存在。     

幼儿园半日综合性主题教育的实践与探讨

幼儿教育是人生的基础教育,要提高民族的素质,最根本的基础在幼儿园。我国著名的教育家、幼儿教育专家陈鹤琴先生早在本世纪20年代就指出幼儿教育“要中国化和科学化”,幼儿园要以“大自然、大社会为活教材,手脑并用”“把儿童所应该学的东西,整个地有系统地去教给儿童学,所选用的教材是以儿童的生活,心理为根据的,是合乎儿童心理发展的。”     

儿童文学孜孜不倦的追求者——谭小乔儿童文学创作综述

自从80年代开始，重庆籍作家谭小乔就开始了她的儿童学创作。她是儿童学领域中一个孜孜不倦的追求，从而成为了中国西部地区一位有名的儿童学作家。本试从以下三个方面来论述谭小乔的儿童学创作：首先，探讨其在幼儿学创作中的得与失；其次，分析其代表作《小船飘摇》；最后，介绍其在新世纪中的两部力作《金色鼠王》和《我是妖怪变的》。     

浅显与深度--中国当代儿童文学悖论现象考察

儿童文学创作因遵循儿童本位观念，所以语言使用必须浅显。但浅显不等于浅陋直白。儿童文学是“浅语的艺术”。上世纪80年代以来，儿童文苑因“小人读大书”现象而导致深度追求之悖论观念的提出。深度追求不仅是当代文学精神特征的表现，也是读者智力水准的表现。深度追求是为了体现童年现象的丰富性。     

从“小主人”到“小闯将”的文学迁变——文革文学中儿童文学范式研究

李心田的中篇小说《闪闪的红星》创造了“紧跟正确路线，历经千难万险，勇敢锻炼成长。走向最后胜利”的历史题材模式。刘心武的中篇小说《睁大你的眼睛》将陈旧的阶级斗争内容填充进现实政治斗争框架。从而创造了另一种范式。儿歌集《我们都是小闯将》则基本剔除了儿童生活内容，而成为单纯的政治意识形态工具，代表了革中儿童学的另一种范式。三种范式既表现为一种共时关系。即以革话语作为创作规范，又显示出一种历时的演进。将儿童学引领到“工具”和“武器”的极致。     

论周作人的儿童文学观

站在新世纪中国儿童学发展走向的角度审视了周作人对儿童学的思考。他认为：儿童学只有在承认、理解儿童的社会环境中才能生成；真正的儿童本位作品必须是充满幻想的神奇趣味与游戏愉悦的“忠实记录”；运用这种儿童学作品影响儿童，对培养和提高儿童的基本素质很有价值。这些真知灼见对中国当代儿童学的健康发展和小学素质教育都具有不可忽视的借鉴意义和启发作用。     

儿童文学欣赏：成人与儿童的比较

儿童学欣赏的主体，主要是少年儿童，但不能否认还有部分成人。儿童与成人在儿童学欣赏过程中，有许多相同点与不同点，弄清其异同，对提高儿童学欣赏的效果，肯定是有帮助的。     

教出儿童情趣来

儿童学教学必须突出师范性和示范性，教出作品中的儿童情趣。首先，要通过声情并茂的诵读来读出儿童情趣；其次，要抓住儿童学的特殊表现手法，紧扣情节和形象，从语言等方面讲出儿童情趣；再次，要充分利用“课本剧”等形式，让学生参与再创造的实践活动，演出儿童情趣。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.