理论是如何讲述的——以童庆炳先生主编《文学理论教程》的编写为例来说明

文学理论反思研究的内容之一,是考察以教材为载体的文学理论讲述。童庆炳先生主编的《文学理论教程》最具有代表性。《文学理论教程》作为审美文论思潮的产物,以崭新的理论命名,富于创造性的体例框架以及对于中西方文论大胆借鉴和积极吸纳的姿态等,完成了对新时期之初文学理论讲述模式的超越,实现了文学理论知识讲述的现代性转型。问题与局限主要体现在：对新思想、新观念和新体例的过度追求,抑制了对自身科学性的要求;名词术语的密集使用增加了教材的费解程度;个别语病降低了人们的阅读美感。     

Missing Something: A Review Essay on Joseph North’s Literary Criticism: A Concise Political History

ABSTRACT

This is a review essay of Joseph North’s Literary Criticism: A Concise Political History. I interrogate many of North’s claims, most notably his argument about the way a shift from literary criticism to literary scholarship has blunted the capacity of people working in literary studies to engage in a socially critical praxis. I use his book as an occasion to explore the relationship between literary studies (as ‘knowledge’) and the meaning-making that occurs within English classrooms when students engage with the texts chosen for study. I argue that North’s failure to make connections between English teaching and the literary critical projects of people like I.A. Richards, F.R. Leavis and Raymond Williams ultimately limits the reach of his book. For each of these critics, literary criticism was deeply embedded in an educational project that extended far beyond the confines of the academy, and their literary criticism might usefully be reread in these terms.     

拆碎刘勰的七宝楼台——《文心雕龙》文体命题释义方式研究

刘勰的《文心雕龙》是一部"义界明,旨归显"的著作,其运用声训这种文体释义方式与当时的训诂学发展有着直接的关系。刘勰在文体论部分对各类文学体裁囿别区分,运用以"求源推因"为旨趣的声训这一训诂方式对文体名称释义,目的在于探本求源,反映了刘勰依文字原义推求文体本源的文学思想,是"振叶以寻根,观澜而索源"文学观的具体实践。     

THE EMERGENCE OF PRAGMATIC PHILOSOPHY'S INFLUENCE ON LITERARY THEORY: MAKING MEANING WITH TEXTS FROM A TRANSACTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

A bstract .  In this review essay, Jeanne Connell examines the influence of pragmatic philosophy on the scholarly works of twentieth-century literary theorist and English educator Louise Rosenblatt through the lens of a recent collection of her essays originally published between 1936 and 1999. Rosenblatt grounded her transactional theory of literature in pragmatic philosophy, particularly the epistemological constructs of John Dewey. While influential as a pioneer in the early development of reader-response theory, Rosenblatt's theory has only recently been given attention by philosophers of education. Making Meaning with Texts: Selected Essays is an important collection of articles and book chapters that highlights the evolution of her thinking in literary theory, pedagogy, and literary criticism. Rosenblatt positioned the construction of meaning in the personal lived-through quality of the literary experience, making central the generative relation between the text and the reader. Connell argues that the educational relevance of Rosenblatt's theory for contemporary education is that it provides a powerful critique of classroom approaches that promote shallow readings with little opportunity for critical reflection.     

Showing and telling: The Difference that makes a Difference

In this article I attempt to clarify an essential difference between the ways in which pictures and words convey meaning. Despite the fact that the distinction between showing and telling is widely understood and clearly marked in ordinary language, it is often ignored when writers and researchers provide accounts of how children’s picturebooks work. As a result, such accounts are often unrealistic, providing distorted images of picturebook text. I briefly examine one such attempt to differentiate and characterise various types of picturebook and then conclude by showing how Anthony Browne exploits the distinction between showing and telling to create the atmosphere of uncertainty and mystery in his classic book Gorilla.     

“Seeing the Light”: A Cognitive Approach to the Metaphorical in Picture Books

Picture books, as both sophisticated aesthetic objects and literary texts, provide the ideal site for critically examining how values and ideology are transmitted to children. How the child reader might be affected by the process of reading a picture book—that is, how he or she might be moved emotionally and potentially gain new insights about the world—is of interest to scholars and educators alike. This article draws upon cognitive literary theory as a conceptual frame through which to explore the cognitive and emotional affect that reading may have upon children. “Reader response” and “cultural criticism” are approaches to literature that seek to understand how readers interact with texts. Cognitive theory, when applied to literature, builds on these discourses by focusing on why reading fiction might cause the brain to produce emotional and cognitive responses in readers. As metaphors are a feature of language and of thought, a study of the metaphorical in picture books aptly lends itself to the theoretical framework offered by cognitive literary theory. Drawing on examples from four picture books produced for children, broadly correlating to different developmental stages, this article examines the role of metaphor in encouraging skills in decoding and creative thinking. Talking to children about visual metaphor or metaphorical expression introduces them to a feature of language and thought that provides a conceptual frame for richer understanding and expression of ideas. Examining how the metaphorical operates in picture books thus takes us a step closer to understanding how the process of reading affects children and enriches their lives.     

Meaning-making from wordless (or nearly wordless) picturebooks: what educational research expects and what readers have to say

Wordless (or nearly wordless) picturebooks are intriguing in terms of how readers make meaning from them. This article offers a conceptualization of existing studies in the field of education that use wordless picturebooks with young readers. While some of these studies contribute to understanding meaning-making, the pragmatic use of wordless picturebooks often does not take account of their particular nature and of the heightened role of the reader, leading to a mismatch between what the picturebook expects from the implied reader and the researchers’ expectations of what ‘real’ readers must do with these books. By highlighting observations from children’s literature scholarship and reader-response studies, this article aims to encourage a more interdisciplinary understanding of meaning-making. It also seeks to persuade educational researchers and mediators to consider investigative approaches that are not based on verbalization but are more in tune with the invitations that wordless picturebooks extend to young readers.     

文化无意识:弗莱的批评理论视域

本文针对诺思洛普·弗莱的批评理论,提出“文化无意识”的概念予以概括,以置换惯用的神话原型批评的定位。因为后者基本只适用于弗莱的文学批评,而弗莱的文学批评、意识形态学说、文化理论,是一个整体,其从神话向文学、文学之外的学说、向文化的推演过程与方式,是以“文化无意识”的途径实现的。“文化无意识”能恰切地抓住弗莱理论体系的文本间的隐喻链接,更充分地呈现出其理论体系的当代性、整体性与动态的开放性的特质。     

认知文体学的回顾和展望:历史沿革､研究方法和发展趋势

文学研究于20世纪70年代发生了认知转向。认知语言学家将文学语言纳入研究范畴,认知文体学应运而生。本文通过综述和分析过往研究,明确而系统地阐述了认知文体学研究的历史沿革､研究方法 和发展趋势。据此认为,认知文体学研究者们从认知的角度构建了一种系统的文学理论,将认知文体学研究 纳入研究身体体验的神经学科范畴,能够更加全面地分析人物的认知方式,更为系统地阐释读者阅读文学作品的认知机制。     

"理"的式微与"情"的彰显--兼论晚明浪漫思潮的历史进步意义

居于中国学理论传统主流的儒家学,倡导“以理驭情”,这一主流观念在其承继,发展与流变中走向了“以理灭情”歧路,在与道学传统和拟古主义的颉颃中成长起来的晚明尚情思潮,力求摆脱封建伦理道德的过分束缚,争取个性的自由发展,它重“本心”,“童心”,倡“真情”,“至情”给晚期坛带来了一股勃勃生机,这是对传统学观的一次有力匡正,对此,我们应给于足够的重视与评价。     

《剑桥中华民国史》在文学史料方面的问题

《剑桥中华民国史》是一本重要史，但它的学史部分存在着不少史料方面的错误，影响了它的学术成就，本从理论思潮，学社团和学论争，作家作品等方面列举了这一部分在史料方面的问题。     

Helping preservice teachers realize the transformative potential of read alouds

ABSTRACT

A common instructional practice in early childhood classrooms is the picturebook read aloud. The purpose of this investigation was to help preservice teachers learn to plan picturebook read alouds with the goal of helping children interpret the visual affordances of picturebooks, including visual elements (e.g., cclor, line) and peritextual components (e.g., title page, endpapers) as they engage in collaborative meaning making. In this qualitative study, the participants were 12 preservice teachers enrolled in an undergraduate children’s literature course. The findings presented here are focused on three participants that represented a range of growth and understandings about the picturebook format as well as growth and understandings about designing read aloud lessons. Findings indicate that while participants grew in their understandings of picturebook formats and in their ability to develop read aloud lesson plans with a visual focus, the rates and ways in which this occurred varied. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that crafting read alouds with a focus on visual affordances is a complex process and deserves careful attention in teacher preparation programs.     

郁达夫留学生小说初探

郁达夫早期小说中独特的自我形象、坦白和真率的心境写真、特殊的结构方式（情绪结构）和特殊的浪漫主义风格等，使郁达夫留学生小说中的众多人物形象形成相互联系的统一整体，一个复杂的多层次的立体艺术形象，从中折射出当时的社会现实本质，反映出郁达夫文学创作中的文艺理论和美学思想。     

Just say know? Schooling the knowledge society

This review essay challenges the practice of rooting educational theory in the economic assumptions that underlie the current championing of a knowledge society . It examines the approaches of three recent works: one book, Andy Hargreaves's Teaching in a Knowledge Society , and two edited collections, Barry Smith's Liberal Education in a Knowledge Society and Peter Jarvis's The Age of Learning . These works deal with the concept of a knowledge society in terms of the professional development of teachers, the cognitive development of students, and the role of adult education. While these books pose critical and interesting challenges to the idea of a knowledge society, they also speak, as a whole, to the need for a more coherent defense among educators of knowledge's place within a public sphere that is imagined to exist on a global scale. This defense is especially important in the face of an increasingly commercialized approach to knowledge that is affecting schools and universities alike.     

知识与意义的双重探寻:当前古代文论研究的再反思

当前古代文论研究处于一种表面热闹的状态,研究的多元局面与文化的强势介入似乎使古代文论的转型与置换变得理所当然。然而,简单的以文化研究取代文论研究却体现了当下学者对于古代文论研究的浮躁心态。将文化研究的意义维度适度纳入到当下的古代文论研究之中,有助于实现从本原探寻走向本原与本源的探寻的研究理路;但是,古代文论研究的路径不是单向度的,我们当前的古代文论研究理应追求一种知识与意义的双重建构,在本原与本源之间实现研究路径的二元对生。     

The Ubiquity Paradox: Further Thinking on the Concept of User Centeredness

Where do words go to live when they become meaningless?

—Anonymous

Men of the world who value the Way all turn to books. But books are nothing more than words. Words have value; what is of value in words is meaning.

—Zhuangzi (as quoted in Mao)

For questioning is the piety of thought.

—Heidegger in The Question ConcerningTechnology and Other Essays

This essay argues that user centeredness has become ubiquitous and is in danger of being rendered meaningless. To address this problem, a meditative essay theorizes user centeredness by examining a base term—use—as defined through the ancient concepts of techne and the four causes of making. It concludes that user-centered design should employ the causes in order to avoid inversions during the development of all things technological.     

Reading Other People’s Minds Through Word and Image

This article considers how emotions can be conveyed through the interaction of word and image in picturebooks addressed to young readers. The theoretical framework employed in the article develops ideas from cognitive literary theory, adapting it to the specific conditions in which there is a significant difference between the sender’s and the recipient’s cognitive levels. The concept of emotion ekphrasis is used to demonstrate the various ways of representing emotions, and special attention is paid to the issues of mind-reading, empathy and other aspects of recipients’ affective engagement. The theoretical argument is illustrated by picturebooks by Max Velthuijs, Shaun Tan, Anthony Browne, and Maurice Sendak.     

《文心雕龙·比兴》之兴义探析

《比兴》是《文心雕龙》的第三十六篇,是刘勰对古代诗文创作方法的论述。赋、比、兴是我国古代诗歌创作的重要传统。对于赋,刘勰在《诠赋》篇已结合对辞赋的论述讲到一些。本篇专论比、兴,除二者关系较为密切外,也说明刘勰认为在艺术方法上,比、兴更值得探讨和总结。刘勰虽以"比兴"并称为题来论述他的创作观,在篇中提出了自己对比、兴的理解,也试图把比、兴方法和思想内容的表达密切联系起来,并在字里行间强烈表达了"兴"之创作方法的重要性,但他在篇幅上却以极大的空间来专论"比"的特质和运用,始终没有明确的描述"兴"的内涵及其使用方法,使我们难以清晰得见刘勰的"兴"义观。本文拟结合刘勰的时代特征和他的文学评论思想探析其隐于其中的"兴"之义。     

“Sighting” the public: iconoclasm and public sphere theory

This essay considers the ways that iconoclasm, or the will to control images and vision, appears in canonical and contemporary public sphere theory. John Dewey and Jürgen Habermas enact a paradoxical relation to visuality by repudiating a mass culture of images while preferring “good” images and vision. Yet even when advocating for good vision, both theorists activate a subtle iconoclasm that operates as a perennial tension in their work. The essay concludes by considering the ways in which iconoclasm manifests itself in more recent scholarship in rhetorical studies and suggests circulation as an analytic concept with some promise for helping public sphere theorists develop a more iconophilic relationship to images and vision.     

从解构主义看文学译本的多样性

解构主义主张消解中心和权威,从而带来了文本的开放性和文本之间普遍的互文性以及文本意义的不确定性。解构主义“延异”思想下的文学观和翻译观对翻译产生了深远的影响,为文学译本语言及风格上的多样性提供了理论依据。