A MULTIPLE MODERATOR APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF OVER- AND UNDERACHIEVERS1

Reported is a study of over- and underachievement of college students, utilizing an iterative multiple moderator technique. The subjects were students at a large southwestern university, the predictors were high school rank and short forms of the Scholastic Aptitude Test, and the criterion was first year grade average. Selected background variables were the potential moderators. The overachievers were characterized as having average aptitude, yet coming from backgrounds where the father was highly educated; the underachievers were observed as having small town origins and high interest in extracurricular activities.     

Self-perceptions,temperament, socioemotional adjustment and the perceptions of parental support of chronically underachieving children

Several studies suggest that children who chronically underachieve are, like children with learning disorders, at risk for negative outcomes and are more likely to experience adjustment problems than are their typically developing peers. This study compares children's self-esteem, perceived competence, negative perfectionism and beliefs of peer acceptance, temperament-based factors (parent-rated), and socioemotional adjustment (parent and teacher rated) of underachieving and non-underachieving elementary school children. It also explores whether children's perceptions of parental support act as a protective factor in children's self-perceptions and socioemotional adjustment. The sample includes 309 fifth and sixth graders 55 underachievers (31 boys and 24 girls), 217 standard achievers (90 boys and 127 girls) and 37 overachievers (16 boys and 21 girls) from the same classes. Significant intergroup differences are found in children's self-perceptions and in teachers’ report of socioemotional adjustment but no difference is observed in parental reports. Children's perceptions of parental support do not differ between groups and do not significantly mediate the association between level of achievement and socioemotional adjustment. Results underscore that whatever the achievement classification of children, their perception of parental support has a unique contribution to their self-perceptions and socioemotional adjustment.     

论中等职业学校德育工作的定位

做好中等职业学校的德育工作首先要求有明确的工作定位。本文认为,中职德育针对未成年人,面向教育选拔中的弱势群体,需要着眼学生的职业生涯,并且是一种全员性、全方位、实践性的德育。     

家庭背景、学校氛围如何影响学生抗逆力? ——基于PISA 2018的实证分析

基于PISA 2018中国四省市数据,对家庭背景、学校氛围与学生抗逆力的影响机制进行分析.研究发现,对标OECD国家进行比较,中国四省市抗逆力表现略低于国际水平;家庭背景层面,家庭文化资本和经济资本对学生抗逆力提升更有效,而家庭社会资本则无显著影响;学校层面,学校氛围能显著正向影响学生抗逆力;学校氛围和家庭背景对学生抗...     

White working class achievement: an ethnographic study of barriers to learning in schools

This study aims to examine the key barriers to learning to raise achievement of White British pupils with low‐income backgrounds. The main findings suggest that the worryingly low‐achievement levels of many White working class pupils have been masked by the middle class success in the English school system and government statistics that fail to distinguish the White British ethnic group by social background. The empirical data confirm that one of the biggest groups of underachievers is the White British working class and their outcomes at each key stage are considerably below those achieved by all other ethnic groups. One of the main reasons for pupil underachievement, identified in the case study schools and focus groups, is parental low aspirations of their children’s education and social deprivation. It is also perpetuated by factors such as low‐literacy levels, feelings of marginalisation within the community exacerbated by housing allocation, a lack of community and school engagement, low levels of parental engagement and lack of targeted support to break the cycle of poverty and disadvantage, a legacy of low aspiration that prevents pupils from fulfilling their potential across a range of areas. The study concludes that the main obstacle in raising achievement is the government’s failure to recognise that this group has particular needs that are not being met by the school system. The government needs to recognise that the underachievement of White British working class pupils is not only a problem facing educational services but profoundly a serious challenge. Policy implications and recommendations are discussed in the final section.     

Reasons and resources: understanding pupils’ aspirations in lower vocational Dutch education

Much research has already been done on the aspirations of young people in lower (vocational) education. As a result, we have learnt more about why students may have high or low aspirations, and to what end their aspirations may lead them. However, there are still some crucial elements missing from the existing academic framework around pupils’ aspirations, which deals with the realisation of pupils’ ambitions. Through the study of ethnographic cases of native Dutch white girls in a lower vocational school, voicing their aspirations, two new concepts will be introduced: reasons and resources. With these two additions, it is hoped that this article will contribute to the existing academic literature on pupils’ ambitions, and it also endeavours to provide useful input for school staff to help them deal with the complexity of the formation and realisation of pupils’ aspirations in vocational schools.     

The influence of the school in the decision to participate in learning post‐16

The primary aim of this study, funded by the Department for Education and Skills, was to identify the nature and influence of school‐based factors in the choices of young people about their post‐16 education, training and career pathways. The study also contributes to the wider understanding of ‘choice’, and identifies implications for the development of careers education and guidance and decision‐making awareness amongst pupils and students in schools. It also further enhances the modelling of pupil decision making in education and training markets, and in labour markets. The research is based on a series of qualitative interviews in 24 schools across nine local education authorities. Focus groups were undertaken with young people in years 10, 11 and 12. Interviews were also conducted with head teachers, heads of year and heads of careers. A postal survey of parents was also undertaken. Four key school‐based factors were found to have a very strong influence in the choices and decisions of young people about their post‐16 education, training and career pathways. These were: whether the school had a sixth form or not; the characteristics of school leadership, ethos and values; the socio‐economic status (SES) of the schools' catchment; and the organisation and delivery of careers education and guidance at the school level. In the main, high SES schools see themselves as developing pupils for academic university careers, while low SES schools maintain a rather stronger commitment to vocational pathways. The academic ethos of schools offers a very powerful influence on post‐16 choices and decisions of pupils. The usual interventions put in place to influence choices and decisions appear to have greater impact in schools with a less robust academic vision.     

School Careers of Pupils of Ethnic Minority Background After the Transition to Secondary Education: Is the Ethnic Factor Always Negative?

This article describes the school careers of Dutch pupils of ethnic minority background in the first 5 years following the transition to secondary education. The database used is VOCL89 of the Dutch Central Statistics Office (CBS). In line with previous findings,in the case of equal achievements pupils of ethnic minority background are advised to select higher types of secondary education than Dutch pupils. Furthermore, pupils of ethnic minority background more often select a school higher than advised than Dutch pupils. With control for social background, pupils of ethnic minority background are also found to display a more favourable career after the 1st year of secondary education. Path model construction results in consistently positive effects of ethnic minority origin at every transition. Further analysis demonstrates that even the most vulnerable subgroups of pupils of ethnic minority background, the Turkish and Moroccan pupils born in their motherland, show both absolutely and compared with the advice a career on a higher level than Dutch pupils with a similar social background. A point of discussion concerns the extent to which social background, defined as the parental educational level, refers to the same concept for Dutch people and people belonging to ethnic minority groups.     

职业院校大学生道德教育创新的困境与对策

职业院校大学生道德教育创新面临困境,其主要原因有不良社会风气的影响、德育工作创新乏力、学生忽视自身德育水平的提高;认为可以通过营造氛围加强社会大环境的引导作用、发挥家庭小环境的支持作用、彰显学校的主导作用和激发学生的主体性作用以努力实现职业院校大学生道德教育创新。     

论分层次教学中后进生学习兴趣的培养

目前,高职高专院校在英语教学中普遍采用一种教学模式——分层次教学。由于实行分层次教学,一部分英语成绩相对落后的学生被分在了低层次班级,我们通常把这类学生称为后进生。而后进生往往是对英语不感兴趣或是基础比较薄弱的学生,因此,培养此类学生对于英语的兴趣成为教师不断探索的课题。英语教学的目的是让所有高校生掌握并运用英语这个语言工具,因此,它的推广是面向所有高校生的。     

Reading and writing ability and drop out in the Swedish upper secondary school

A three-year programme in upper secondary school is compulsory in Sweden. In reality, some youngsters refrain from applying to the upper secondary school (8 per cent) or drop out in advance (9 per cent). In Stockholm the Youth Centre has been assigned to arrange individual programmes for these pupils. The aim of this study is to investigate their reading and writing ability and to relate this retrospectively to their school experience. Instruments measuring reading comprehension, vocabulary and dictation were carried out on 286 respondents; in addition, background information concerning school attainment was collected. Ten respondents were selected, five high and five low achievers. An unstructured interview was used to investigate their home background, school and reading experiences. Students attending individual programmes at the Youth Centre had lower than average reading and writing abilities in comparison to students at the vocational programmes in upper secondary school. The whole group is characterized by low marks, immigrant background and partial school attendance. The analyses of interview statements reveal a common category - powerlessness - for those with and without reading disabilities. Separate categories were for high achievers - boredom - and for low achievers - lack of opportunity.     

Students’ Occupational Aspirations: Can Family Relationships Account for Differences Between Immigrant and Socioeconomic Groups?

Immigrant background and disadvantaged socioeconomic background are two key predictors of poorer school achievement in Europe. However, the former is associated with higher while the latter is associated with lower aspirations. This study asks whether family relationships account for this difference. Data come from 5,926 students in Germany and Sweden, eliciting indicators of family background and relationships at age 14–15 years (2011) and occupational aspirations 1 year later. High aspirations were found among students of non-European background and students with higher parental occupational status. Structural equation models showed that while immigrant families had greater parental aspirations and encouragement, family cohesion, and parental monitoring, only parental aspirations mediated the effects of family background.     

The Extent of the Use of the Left Hand in Handwriting

Abstract

Four representative Educational Psychology classes (N =139) were drawn from the fall semester offering of a large Midwestern teachers college. Two additional classes (N = S3) were selected from a small Eastern liberal arts school also training teachers.

At the beginning of the semester, all subjects were administered measures of intrinsic parental acceptance (Ausubel Parent Attitude Rating Scale), manifest anxiety (AT scale of MMPI), attitudes toward teaching (MTAI), attitudes about the value of professional education (SEAS), and authoritarianism (California F Scale). Measures of academic aptitude (ACT, SCAT) and academic achievement (GPA) were secured from the college records. At the end of the same semester, subjects completed a student information sheet and a second measure of their attitudes toward teaching (MTAI).

Significant correlations were obtained between parental acceptance scores and each of the following measures; manifest anxiety, attitudes toward teaching, and attitudes toward professional education. Male overachievers were found to have significantly lower parental acceptance than male underachievers. No significant relationships were found between parental acceptance and attitude shift or authoritarianism.     

普通教育和职业教育对学业表现的差异化影响——基于PISA2018中国四省市的分析

选取 PISA2018 测试中国四省市数据,按照普通中学与中职学生成绩划分四分位层级进行学业影响因素的比较分析,探究个人、教师、学校三大类教育要素对各层级学生的影响,旨在为我国职业教育现代化探索科学发展路径。研究发现我国目前中职学校不仅招生量较低、学业表现也相对薄弱;各种因素中个人因素对中职学生影响最为突出,反映了普职生源背景差异较大的现状;相较之下,教师与学校因素在中职样本中影响较普通中学弱。据此提出三点建议：优化现有教育供需结构、探索新型职业教育供给模式、完善职业教育监测与质量评价体系。     

Extroversion as a Factor Conditioning AchieveMent in the Fifth and Sixth Grades of the Elementary School

Abstract

One-hundred-eighty-five hig-school junior and senior students were classified as underachievers, overachievers, and achievers, by percent lie rank positions on CEE11 scores and achievement tests In mathematics. An examination was made of the relationship of facilitating: and debilitating anxiety and four teacher motivation cues to the three levels of scholastic achievement. Girls were more sensitive than the hoys to the motive-arousing: cues provided by their teachers, yet differential sex and group reactions were reported In the perception of teacher cues. Facilitating as well as debilitating anxiety was a determining variable for both sexes on all three achieving groups.     

城乡初中生教育期望的差异研究:个人、家庭与社会结构的影响

本研究考查了我国初中生教育期望的城乡差异现状,并从个人家庭与学校社会两个视角探究了差异产生的机制。研究发现,我国初中生对于获得普通高等教育的期望存在显著的城乡差异,城市户籍学生的教育期望高于农村及流动学生。这种差异受学生认知能力、家庭背景及学校环境共同影响,其中家庭背景的影响大于认知能力,学校户籍结构的影响作用最为明显。研究认为,营造良好学校教育氛围、缓解学校户籍分割、增强学校融合是促进我国教育公平与社会公平的重要举措。     

Relations of middle school students' perceptions of family and school contexts with academic achievement

The purposes of this study were to examine the relations of both family and school contexts on students' academic achievement and to explore the mediating effects of students' perceptions of their motivations and academic self‐competence between the family and school contexts and achievement. Participants were 230 fifth‐ and sixth‐grade students. Students' perceptions of parenting style (demandingness and responsiveness), parental involvement (parental values and involvement in school functions), teaching style (teacher control and responsiveness), and school atmosphere (school responsiveness and supportive social environment) significantly predicted their school achievement; however, students' motivations and self‐competence mediated the relations between students' contexts and their academic achievement. Furthermore, parental values, teacher responsiveness, school responsiveness, and supportive social environment predicted students' motivations and academic competence above and beyond parenting style, parental involvement, and teacher control. The importance of students' supportive relationships and the internalization of the messages conveyed to them underscore the need for a contextual view by school psychologists when consulting with parents and education staff regarding achievement concerns. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

高职院校实施素质教育的有效途径

在当今这个知识爆炸的社会,素质教育已然成为时代和社会发展的必然。提高学生综全素质和适应社会的能力必须从大力开展素质教育着手。而高职院校开展素质教育既不能照搬本科院校的模式,也不能全面套用中专学校的管理模式,要探索出一条适合高职院校自身特点的有效途径。针对高职院校自身的特点,我们需要在实施技能教育的过程中为学生营造一个注重创新能力和综合应用素质的教育氛围。     

农村小学生不良言行的成因及对策初探

近年来,农村小学生中出现不良行为习惯的现象在增多。究其原因,在于农村“家庭教育场”、“社区教育场”、“学校教育场”的不良影响。为此,要进行学校沟通、对话,形成教育的合力;持之以恒,狠抓学生行为习惯的养成教育;营造氛围,构建良好的学生集体。     

我国不同社会阶层少数民族的高等教育入学机会差异分析

从家庭所处社会阶层、父母受教育程度、家庭收入三方面对少数民族高等教育入学机会差异的实证研究表明:不同社会阶层少数民族接受高等教育的机会及学校的层次、类型有显著差异;在一般公办本科院校中,少数民族的社会阶层差异最小;在公办高职高专院校中,学生父母受教育程度的差异最小;家庭收入高低对于少数民族是否进入民办院校就读有一定影响。