三元能量提高妥布拉霉素产生菌产抗能力的研究

通过平行实验,考察了三元能量处理后的妥布拉霉素(TOB)诱变高产株在不同组合培养基中的发酵水平及主组份含量,实验结果表明:5株三元能量处理后的高产菌在A、B、C 配方培养基中,以C配方培养基为最适,从而使发酵单位提高了 85.12％,主组份含量由 41.35％提高到 56.08％。     

Honey-bee mating optimization (HBMO) algorithm for optimal reservoir operation

In recent years, evolutionary and meta-heuristic algorithms have been extensively used as search and optimization tools in various problem domains, including science, commerce, and engineering. Ease of use, broad applicability, and global perspective may be considered as the primary reason for their success. The honey-bee mating process has been considered as a typical swarm-based approach to optimization, in which the search algorithm is inspired by the process of real honey-bee mating. In this paper, the honey-bee mating optimization (HBMO) algorithm is presented and tested with a nonlinear, continuous constrained problem with continuous decision and state variables to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm in handling the single reservoir operation optimization problems. It is shown that the performance of the model is quite comparable with the results of the well-developed traditional linear programming (LP) solvers such as LINGO 8.0. Results obtained are quite promising and compare well with the final results of the other approach.     

两种土壤基质条件下鸡眼草对水分胁迫和丛枝菌根真菌的响应

盆栽实验条件下,研究了种植在两种土壤基质的豆科草本植物鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)对水分胁迫和丛枝菌根真菌的响应。水分处理为对照(土壤相对含水量为70%~80%)和中度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量为45%~55%),菌根真菌处理为接种和不接种处理。结果表明,水分和基质均影响菌根真菌的侵染率,水分胁迫降低侵染率,条件较好的基质1菌根真菌的侵染率明显高于条件较差的基质2。两种基质条件下,接种菌根真菌都显著降低叶片丙二醛含量(P<0.05)但提高了可溶性糖含量、增加了鸡眼草的分枝数和提高了鸡眼草的地上部分和地下部分生物量。干旱胁迫处理,基质1下菌根真菌提高植物抗旱性的效果为4.29%,而基质2下菌根真菌提高植物抗旱性的效果为11.29%。     

Challenges in prevention,diagnosis and therapy of emerging fungal diseases. Aspergillosis: A case study

Diseases caused by pathogenic filamentous fungi, are an emerging threat to public health in the wake of increasing incidence of HIV and tuberculosis. At this point, discovery and development of fungal therapeutics and diagnostics are serious challenges for biomedical researchers. Recent technological advances in genomics and proteomics offer great scope for development of preventive and therapeutic measures for fungal diseases.Aspergillus, one of the medically important filamentous pathogenic fungi causes a wide spectrum of clinical disorders ranging from allergic aspergillosis to systemic invasive aspergillosis. Increase in incidence of drug resistance and the cytotoxic effects are two serious limitations of the antifungal drugs presently in use. This is primarily due to lack of understanding of biological mechanisms operative in these fungi. Today, it is possible to understand the biological mechanisms of the fungus for its colonisation, survival and invasion of the host. Future developments based on such leads can result in development of precise and specific diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive measures for a wide clinical spectrum of fungal diseases.     

Concerted breeding in fungi and its biotechnological application

The biotechnological exploitation of fungi is becoming more and more important both for industrial purposes and in the field of cultivation of edible mushrooms. In the past, breeding of fungi was restricted mainly to selection of better strains after spontaneous or induced mutations. Today, the inclusion of genetic recombination—based on better knowledge of how to handle fungi under controlled conditions, of their life cycles, and of their breeding systems—has given the possibility of ‘concerted breeding’. In addition, some recent basic research provides means of preventing ageing and death of fungal strains, by either genetic alterations or therapeutic treatment. Examples of the application of these ideas and results are given.     

The non-protein amino acids of higher plants

Plants synthesise a large number of amino acids which they do not incorporate into their proteins. Some of these amino acids are toxic to, or physiologically active in organisms to which they are normally foreign. Such organisms include bacteria, fungi, other higher plant species, insects, domestic animals and man. In plants which synthesise them these compounds may act as storage materials; deterrents to, or toxins in potential predators; and perhaps also as inhibitors of growth in competing plant species. A knowledge of the distribution of nonprotein amino acids has proved to be of value in establishing evolutionary relationships between different species and higher taxa of plants.     

中国羊肚菌属真菌资源

文章概述了我国羊肚菌属真菌资源种类、分布、生态环境、形态特征、生物学特性、营养、药用价值及人工驯化栽培的研究现状;展望了进一步开展羊肚菌的营养、生理和遗传特性及开发利用研究的前景。     

高等真菌化学成分及其生物活性的研究

西南地区孕育着丰富的高等真菌资源,高等真菌物种多样性及生物量之高举世公认。利用西南地区丰富的高等真菌资源,从中寻找和发现新的药物和先导化合物具有重要的现实价值和长远的战略意义。文中简叙了该项目近年来取得的研究进展。     

四川省巨桉林下大型真菌多样性研究

为探明四川省巨桉人工林下大型真菌资源,本课题自2008年5月开始在巨桉主要栽培区定期进行地表大型真菌的调查,根据真菌形态并利用分子生物学手段研究林下大型真菌的物种多样性,调查巨桉林下生态因子,分析土壤因子,并对其进行了统计学分析。结果表明:四川巨桉林下大型真菌种群生物多样性较高,大型真菌共17种,隶属于7科10属,其中马勃状硬皮马勃和草地横模马勃为优势种群,并发现一新的外生菌根真菌—银灰口蘑。林下大型真菌主要集中在海拔300650m、郁闭度大于0.7、阴坡半阴坡土层厚的区域。大型真菌可降低巨桉周围土壤pH值,并显著提高土壤N、P、K及有机质含量,对促进巨桉土壤养分循环、改善营林质量及保持人工林生态系统的资源多样性发挥着重要作用。     

核心企业知识扩散范围及其分歧问题的重新研究

 从多核产业集群的视角出发,运用演化博弈方法,重新考察了产业集群中核心企业知识扩散的范围及其分歧问题。研究得出,在多核产业集群中,只要满足知识扩散的条件,知识扩散就必然会发生。但由于配套企业发生机会主义行为的可能性及其知识吸收转换能力的差异性,核心企业仅会对其认可的、且与其具有协作关系的较小范围内的部分配套企业扩散知识。配套企业发生机会主义行为的可能性越大,知识吸收转换能力越差,核心企业知识扩散的范围就会越小。此外,鉴于配套企业机会主义行为的存在性,核心企业对配套企业扩散的知识,不仅是有限制的,更是有选择的。     

Diversity and antimicrobial activity of culturable fungi associated with sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica

BackgroundThe main objective of this study was to isolate fungi associated with Anthopleura xanthogrammica and measure their antimicrobial and enzymatic activities. A total of 93 fungal strains associated with A. xanthogrammica were isolated in this study, of which 32 isolates were identified using both morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. The antibacterial activities of 32 fungal isolates were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio harveyi, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pyricularia oryzae by agar diffusion assay. Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities of the fungal isolates were determined by agar diffusion assays. Enzyme activities were detected from clear halo size.ResultsThe isolated fungi belonged to 18 genera within 7 taxonomic orders of 1 phylum. The genera Aspergillaceae were the most diverse and common. The antimicrobial activities of 32 isolates were evaluated, and 19 (59.4%) of fungi isolate displayed unique antimicrobial activities. All fungal strains displayed at least one enzyme activity. The most common enzyme activities in the fungi isolates were amylase and protease, while the least common were pectinase and xylanase.ConclusionsThis is first report on the sea anemone-derived fungi with antimicrobial and enzyme activities. Results indicated that sea anemone is a hot spot of fungal diversity and a rich resource of bioactive natural products.How to cite: Liu S, Ahmed S, Zhang C, et al. Diversity and antimicrobial activity of culturable fungi associated with sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.01.003     

“纳米-生物”会聚技术的测度及启示

运用专利计量与信息可视化技术手段,对会聚技术进行测度与可视化分析,是一个较新的研究课题。对纳米-生物(NB)会聚技术测度与可视化分析的结果显示,2000-2009年间,NB会聚技术呈现出快速发展的势头;NB会聚技术共涉及到4 998个不同的技术小类,其中"细菌、真菌、病毒等的测试与探测技术"是最重要的领域;NB会聚技术的热点主题,主要集中在核酸、碳纳米管、制备方法、生物标本、癌症治疗、靶标分子等方面。中国政府和科学技术界,应通过加强纳米与生物技术领域的合作,拓展纳米与生物技术的合作领域和合作主题,培养更多的NB会聚技术领域人才等途径,推动中国NB会聚技术的不断发展。NB会聚技术的测度与可视化分析方法,可应用于其他会聚技术领域。     

基于CSCD的我国菌根真菌研究文献计量分析

对中国科学引文数据库（CSCD）收录的2001-2010年菌根真菌类研究文献,从年代分布、来源期刊分布、基金类别、被引情况、合著度、关键词、主题词7个方面进行统计分析.发现：2001-2007年间,我国菌根真菌研究文献量呈不断上升的趋势,但是自2008年起开始下滑;来源期刊中有83％是核心期刊,获得基金支持的论文比例高达90.39％,文献质量较高;主要作者群为高校教学科研人员,且论文多以合著形式发表;研究重点主要集中在丛枝菌根;未来研究重点将是菌根植物的生物修复作用.     

汽车底盘智能化总布置及其关键技术

采用CAD软件实现汽车底盘的装配设计已广泛应用，本文详细的阐述了采用自项向下的设计思路，参数化的零部件设计和依靠零部件之间的配合关系来实现底盘的智能化装配的原理和实现方法。初步实现了对底盘总布置的快速智能设计。     

三元能量诱变妥布拉霉素突变株生物合成研究

通过正交试验的方法考察了NH_4Cl、磷酸盐、(NH_4)_2SO_4、MgSO_4、ZnSO_4、CoCl_2、NoCl、FeSO_4、MnSO_4等无机盐对三元能量处理后的妥布拉霉素(TOB)诱变菌株发酵水平及主组份含量的影响.实验结果表明,以NHCI的影响最为显著,K_3HPO_4次之,NaCI最小,用正交方法研究了几种无机盐之间的交互作用,以Zn~(2+)与Mn~(2+)之间的交互影响最为显著,选择出了最适有机氮源,获得了三元能量诱变株的最佳发酵培养基,从而使发酵单位提高了41.06％,主组份含量由40.53％提高到53.40％.     

外来植物加拿大一枝黄花对入侵地丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的影响

外来植物入侵对土壤微生物群落的影响一直受到关注.本文研究了外来植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago candensis L.)的人侵对本地丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的影响,发现加拿大一枝黄花的入侵改变了本地植物群落物种组成,本地植物如鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata(Thunb.)Schindl.)和黑麦草(Loliumperertrte L)的菌根侵染率降低.与本地优势植物鸡眼草共生菌的种类发生变化,土壤AMF孢子密度明显降低.土壤由以摩酉球囊菌(Glomus mosseoe)和幼套球囊菌(Glomus etunic atum)为优势转为以地球囊菌(Glomus geosperum)和幼套球囊菌(Glomus etunic atum)为优势种.     

澜沧江-湄公河流域真菌资源研究进展

澜沧江-湄公河流域是世界上生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,整个流域地形复杂、生境多样,孕育了极为丰富的真菌资源。本文介绍了澜沧江-湄公河流域真菌资源的研究历史和分布特点及近年来在该地区发现的一些重要真菌物种。该区真菌资源研究始于十九世纪末,并陆续出版了不少有价值的地区性真菌资源的专著。近30年来的研究更加深入而系统,主要涉及担子菌类,如木耳目、花耳目、蘑菇目、红菇目、牛肝菌目、外担菌目、多孔菌目等,也包括了子囊菌中一些类群,如盘菌目。在过去十余年的时间,在该区仅大型真菌就发现了150余新分类群。因气候及小生境差异,在流域内不同的地区真菌区系成分存在明显的不同:上游地区的灌丛中及草甸上以病原真菌和腹菌类多见,寒温性针叶林下的代表类群则以寒温性大型真菌成分为主;中游地区的常绿阔叶林和暖温性针叶林下主要是温带至亚热带的代表类群;下游地区和湄公河流域气候湿热,以热带成分较为普遍。加强该区域真菌资源的深入研究,不仅具有重要的科学意义,同时也具有为经济发展服务的现实意义。     

Dermatophyte lipids—Composition and regulation of phospholipids

This review presents the extensive work carried out on lipid components of dermatophytes, their biosynthesis, turnover and regulation. It emerges from the work done so far that the pathways of lipid biosynthesis/ degradation and the lipid composition in dermatophytes are similar to those in yeasts and other fungi. Second messengers (Ca²⁺, cAMP) were demonstrated to have a regulatory role in phospholipid metabolism and they mainly act by stimulating Ca²⁺/CaM or cAMP dependent protein kinase(s). Both these kinases were purified and characterized inMicrosporum gypseum. Further work is being carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanism of regulation of phospholipid metabolism by these second messengers.     

Allergens/Antigens,Toxins and Polyketides of Important <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus</Emphasis> Species

The medical, agricultural and biotechnological importance of the primitive eukaryotic microorganisms, the Fungi was recognized way back in 1920. Among various groups of fungi, the Aspergillus species are studied in great detail using advances in genomics and proteomics to unravel biological and molecular mechanisms in these fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus terreus are some of the important species relevant to human, agricultural and biotechnological applications. The potential of Aspergillus species to produce highly diversified complex biomolecules such as multifunctional proteins (allergens, antigens, enzymes) and polyketides is fascinating and demands greater insight into the understanding of these fungal species for application to human health. Recently a regulator gene for secondary metabolites, LaeA has been identified. Gene mining based on LaeA has facilitated new metabolites with antimicrobial activity such as emericellamides and antitumor activity such as terrequinone A from A. nidulans. Immunoproteomic approach was reported for identification of few novel allergens for A. fumigatus. In this context, the review is focused on recent developments in allergens, antigens, structural and functional diversity of the polyketide synthases that produce polyketides of pharmaceutical and biological importance. Possible antifungal drug targets for development of effective antifungal drugs and new strategies for development of molecular diagnostics are considered.     

丛枝菌根真菌AMF群落物种多样性研究技术进展

作为一类具有重要生态学意义的微生物类群，丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF）的研究很早就引起人们的重视。但是，传统的研究方法不但耗时，费力，精确度低，而且难以大批量地对不同群落进行比较研究。近年来，基于PCR的分子标记技术的应用彻底改变了这一状况。本文综述了多种AMF群落及物种多样性的研究方法，并对传统方法和分子标记技术的优缺点做了比较，着重介绍了分子标记在这一领域的最新应用成果，对该方法存在的问题和应用前景做了总结和展望。