非研发创新支出对高技术产业创新绩效的影响研究

外部技术获取、技术改造等非RD创新经费支出对高技术产业创新绩效既可能产生"促进效应",也可能产生"替代效应"。运用17个高技术产业1995-2012年的面板数据进行实证研究,发现非RD创新经费支出对高技术产业的专利产出和新产品销售收入整体上均产生了显著的正向影响,其中技术改造经费支出对专利产出主要体现为替代效应,但对新产品销售收入具有积极影响。外部技术获取整体上提升了高技术产业的专利产出水平,其中技术引进对专利产出产生了显著负面影响,但当与消化吸收费用支出产生协同效应时,其对专利产出的促进效应就会显现出来;消化吸收费用支出对新产品销售收入产生了显著的促进作用,而购买国内技术则有利于提升专利产出水平。     

非R&D活动与制造业企业创新绩效关系的实证研究-以长三角地区为例

作为一种重要的创新途径,非R&D活动越来越受重视。本文基于对长三角地区制造业企业发放的230份问卷所获得的数据,用结构方程模型对三种非R&D活动(培训、设计和采用先进生产技术)与制造业企业创新绩效关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:(1)培训对设计和采用先进生产技术具有显著的正向影响;(2)采用先进生产技术对设计没有显著的正向影响;(3)设计和采用先进生产技术对创新绩效具有显著的直接正向影响;(4)培训对创新绩效没有显著的直接正向影响,而是通过设计或采用先进生产技术间接影响创新绩效。     

MNCs’ offshore R&D networks in host country's regional innovation system: The case of Taiwan-based firms in China

China has become a hot spot of R&D internationalization and a growing number of Taiwan-based firms have indeed set up R&D units in China. Taking into account China's substantial regional variations in economic development, innovation capacity, and knowledge productivity, such notions as regional innovation system (RIS) and local innovative milieu may become more relevant to the study on relationships between China and its inward R&D internationalization. Therefore, the key issue for this paper is what locational advantages of an RIS within a host country affect the network linkages and networking strategy of multinational corporations’ (MNCs’) offshore R&D units. The paper aims to enrich the current understanding of R&D internationalization in several ways. First, the paper attempts to examine the R&D networking underlying R&D internationalization by Taiwan-based firms in China, with particular reference to the sub-national level inside China. Second, the paper tries to establish a link between the literature of R&D internationalization and that of RIS, with a modified version of Dunning's eclectic paradigm. Efforts are made to map the relationship between foreign subsidiaries’ local R&D networks and their host RISs inside China. Third, the paper takes advantage of a government databank to adopt a quantitative approach, the Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Regression model, with foreign subsidiaries as the unit of analysis, to highlight the role played by some aspects of the RIS in determining the local R&D networking of Taiwanese subsidiaries in China. Our evident shows that MNCs’ offshore R&D units that purse home-based technology exploitation strategy, the mainstream strategy regarding the developing host country, tend to be located in a host region with a strong knowledge application and exploitation subsystem, while an RIS with a strong knowledge generation and diffusion subsystem, within such a developing country as China, may induce MNCs’ local R&D units to pursue home-base technology augmenting strategy. On balance, not only the location choice but also the local R&D linkages of MNCs’ offshore subsidiaries are related to appropriate fits between the RIS and the subsidiaries’ innovation network inside the host country.     

Innovative path dependence: Making sense of product and service innovation in path dependent innovation processes

This paper analyses path dependence and path creation in firm innovation focusing on the effect of cognitive frames and organisational processes. A Northern European medical device firm is analysed through a detailed assessment of the structural and processual elements of cognitive path dependence. Cognitive schemas are analysed through development of ideal typical views on innovation and through an investigation of two specific innovation projects.Drawing on sensemaking and actor network theory the paper adds to the literature in three respects. First, it provides a more systematic analysis than available in the existing literature of how cognitive frames enable and constrain firm innovation. Second, it presents an empirical analysis that contributes to a differentiation of the concept of path dependence, distinguishing between innovative path dependence and technological path dependence. Third, the paper analyses the timing of constraints and path dependence. In the cases studied the innovation approach frames the innovation problem and constraints in relation to technologies have an impact on the innovation processes later, after new technologies have been thoroughly researched.The paper illustrates how the case firm is cognitively locked into an innovation path focused on generating ever-new product versions on different technological platforms, regardless of cannibalisation among the firm's different product versions. Despite the cognitive lock-in to an innovation path the firm is unconstrained in its choice of technological platforms and paths. Firms’ innovation processes may thus simultaneously be characterised by unrestrained search processes and myopic behaviour.     

The distinct signaling effects of R&D subsidy and non-R&D subsidy on IPO performance of IT entrepreneurial firms in China

This study investigates how R&D subsidy and non-R&D subsidy affect entrepreneurial firms’ initial public offering (IPO) performance in an emerging economy like China. Analyzing data from 269 IT (information technology) entrepreneurial firms in China, we found that R&D subsidy has an inverted U-shape effect on IPO performance, while non-R&D subsidy has a positive effect on IPO performance. Furthermore, both state ownership and patent intensity moderate the inverted U-shape relationship between R&D subsidy and IPO performance. In contrast, neither of them moderates the positive relationship between non-R&D subsidy and IPO performance. These findings contribute to the literature on the effectiveness of government subsidy by highlighting the symbolic effect of government subsidy on external financing in emerging economies, and offer important practical implications to entrepreneurial firms and government funding agencies in China.     

R&D co-operation and innovation a microeconometric study on French firms

The scope of this paper is to report new empirical evidence on the determinants of R&D co-operation. Indeed, the literature on the capabilities of firms emphasises the role of knowledge in the performance and evolution of firms who use knowledge developed in others to build their own knowledge capital. R&D co-operation between firms is one of the many strategies by which this knowledge may be transmitted. Several theoretical models have stressed that R&D co-operation is more likely when the level of spillovers is high. While this supposition is used in many theoretical models, it has rarely been tested before. Our results do not lend strong support to this intuition. Indeed, our spillover variables (national pure spillovers, national rent spillovers and imports of machine tools), which were supposed to match the theoretical notion of spillovers used in these theoretical models have a positive but not a significant role when explaining R&D co-operation. The R&D co-operation increases with size and with R&D intensity, but not with market share. It also increases with the budget spent on paying license fees and on acquiring patents and labour from foreign firms. In this study, we also analyse the determinants of innovation. In more precise terms, we compare the effects of R&D co-operation to those played by traditional internal factors and those exerted by external, pure and rent spillovers on the innovation capacity of the firms. Our results show that the commercial success of innovations of French firms depends mainly on size, market share, R&D intensity and human capital. Inward FDI from industrialised countries exerts a positive and significant effect. The finding highlights the important role of the absorptive capacity of firms. Spillover measurements, such as the acquisition of machine tools, foreign patents, licenses, and technological opportunities have a positive impact on innovation.     

R&D, innovation and microeconomic growth: a case study

Although Rollei's camera sales grew as a result of postwar increases in income, its traditional product lines came under competitive pressure in international markets in the mid-1950s from lower-priced Japanese cameras of the same type, and from the newly-developed 35mm camera. By 1964, Rollei's sales and exports were stagnating and profits had disappeared. However, the policy of new management began in 1965 to widen and renew the company's product range through a vigorous programme of R&D, and a strong marketing effort. By 1971, 84% of Rollei's sales were products which had not existed in 1965, and these new products enabled Rollei to remain competitive in the critically important export market.     

基于技术集成的产品创新和产品衍生研究

本研究旨在探讨中国企业如何基于技术集成开展创新活动。为此，深入分析朗科“优盘”产品的技术集成创新过程；在此基础上，构建技术集成创新模型和产品衍生模型；指出领先用户法是概念构建过程中可资运用的方法，而技术选择及其与新领域知识的整合是技术集成的基础，集成产品的成功还需要持续的新领域知识的植入。以实现技术水平的提升和应用领域的拓展。     

Collaborative networks and product innovation performance: Toward a contingency perspective

An increasing number of studies have examined the impact of collaborative networks on product innovation performance, but have produced inconsistent results. This research contributes to existing literature by examining how absorptive capacity affects the relationships between different types of partners and product innovation performance. The sample used in this research is drawn from the Taiwanese Technological Innovation Survey (TTIS) database. A moderated hierarchical regression approach is used to analyze the models, which are further explored by firm size and industry type. Some interesting findings appear. First, absorptive capacity positively moderates the impact of vertical collaboration on the performance of technologically new or improved products. Second, the effect of absorptive capacity on the relationship between supplier collaboration and the performance of new products with marginal changes varies based on firm size and industry type. Third, absorptive capacity negatively affects the relationship between customer collaboration and the performance of marginally changed products. Fourth, absorptive capacity positively affects the relationship between competitor collaboration and the performance of new products with marginal changes for large firms. Fifth, absorptive capacity negatively affects the relationship between collaboration with research organizations and the performance of technologically new or improved products. On the contrary, absorptive capacity positively affects the impact of collaboration with research organizations on the performance of marginally changed products. These results enrich current understanding of the relationships between collaborative networks and product innovation performance.     

Subsidized R&D collaboration: The causal effect of innovation vouchers on innovation outcomes

We study the causal effect of subsidized R&D collaboration on external collaborations and innovation outcomes of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In particular, we make use of a randomized controlled trial to analyze the effect of a nationwide innovation voucher scheme in the United Kingdom that grants SMEs across all industries financial support of up to 5,000 GBP for engaging the services of experts, e.g., from universities, research institutes or IP advisors, when pursuing an innovation-related project. Our results show that the innovation voucher program has an immediate, short-term impact on the execution of these innovation projects with positive effects on product and service development, internal processes, and intellectual property protection. However, we also observe that these results fade out quite quickly, i.e., two years after the intervention many effects caused by the innovation voucher program have disappeared. Based on our results, we also provide some practical guidance to further improve the effectiveness of voucher programs.     

组织创新对企业模仿与创新绩效的影响

识别组织创新过程对企业绩效的影响对理解企业的创新过程非常重要。本文采用中国制造业调查数据,利用潜在分类模型方法定量分析企业的组织创新类型与特点,并结合多元处理效应模型探讨组织创新对企业产品模仿与创新绩效的影响。研究发现样本企业的组织创新程度从低到高可划分为五个等级。中高程度的组织创新水平(第Ⅲ和第Ⅳ种)对产品模仿绩效有显著作用,表明侧重知识创新和研发投入的组织创新有利于提高企业产品模仿绩效;只有最高程度的组织创新,即第Ⅴ种类型组织创新,显著提高产品创新强度,表明全面提升组织创新程度对产品模仿到产品创新的转变具有重要作用。所以创新政策不应仅仅停留在技术创新层面,而应强调企业的全面创新。     

农业技术创新与服务创新的关系和策略研究 /FONT /P /FONT /P

本文认为农业技术创新和服务创新是相互依存和相互促进的,提出农业技术创新和服务创新策略是以“需求”为中心,其侧重点分别是“技术”和“信任”,不同的农业领域应有不同的创新策略。     

服务创新、制造业服务化对企业绩效的影响

以制造业服务化为中介变量,利用相关分析和回归分析方法,结合西安地区制造企业的181份样本数据,实证研究了制造企业服务创新对企业绩效的影响。结果显示:服务创新与制造企业服务化程度对企业绩效有显著的正向影响,服务创新对制造业服务化有显著的正向影响;同时,制造业服务化程度在服务创新对企业绩效的影响中起到部分中介作用。     

The effect of external and internal factors on firms’ product innovation

In this article we analyse the effect of factors external and internal to the firm, on product innovation novelty, and how this effect varies by industry. We estimate three econometric models to determine the individual effects of these factors, their joint explanatory power and the effects of interactions among them. The analysis is based on a sample of 6094 manufacturing firms, taken from the Spanish Survey of Technological Innovation 2000. The results indicate that the firm's technological competences, derived from in-house R&D, are the main determinant of product innovation. They also suggest that in the presence of high levels of such competences, the technological opportunities deriving from non-industry agents become less important as determinants of innovation. We show that the determinants of innovation vary depending on the industrial sector and the degree of novelty of the product developed.     

The differential impact of privately and publicly funded R&D on R&D investment and innovation: the Italian case

This paper explores the impact of a specific R&D policy instrument, the Italian Fondo per le Agevolazioni della Ricerca (FAR), on industrial R&D and technological output at the firm level. Our objective is threefold: first, to identify the presence or absence of private R&D investment additionality/crowding-out within a pooled sample and in various firm subsets (identified by region, size, level of technology, and other features), while also taking into account the effect of single policy instruments or mixes of them. Secondly, to analyse the output (innovation) additionality by comparing the differential impact of privately funded R&D and publicly funded R&D expenditure on applications for patents filed by firms. Thirdly, the paper will compare the structural characteristics of firms showing additionality with those of firms showing crowding-out, in order to determine the firm characteristics associated with successful policy interventions. Our results suggest that FAR is effective in the pooled sample, although no effect emerges in some firm subsets. In particular, while large firms seem to have been decisive for the success of this policy, small firms present a more marked crowding-out effect. Furthermore, the firms’ growth strategies and ability to transform R&D input into innovation output (patents) seem to have a positive effect in terms of additionality.     

企业产品创新国际比较研究

以企业产品创新活动的国际比较研究为目的,在文献研究的基础上,构建了基于"关键因素-优势地位-新产品绩效"观点的企业成功进行产品创新的概念模型,并提出研究假设。通过对中国、美国和日本企业的问卷调查和统计分析,比较研究了各国企业产品创新活动中的影响因素对新产品开发结果的作用过程。研究结果表明,中国企业产品创新活动中的影响因素对新产品绩效的作用过程与美、日发达国家大体相似;但各主要影响因素对于新产品绩效所起作用的强弱程度异于发达国家。     

产品创新过程与管理创新关系探索性案例研究

产品创新与管理创新对组织生存与发展均至关重要,如何实现两者有效匹配达到效益最大化成为当前管理者面临的巨大挑战。为此,从产品创新过程与管理创新关系的视角出发,通过对丰田雷克萨斯在日本重新开展产品创新的过程进行探索性案例分析,发现,在产品设计研发、生产及推广的整个过程中,品牌创新、组织结构创新和营销模式创新三项管理创新活动产生的影响最为显著,并深入挖掘各自对产品创新不同阶段或对整体的作用机制,构建产品创新过程与管理创新三维关系模型。     

客户协同创新的复杂性及主体刺激—反应模型

客户协同产品创新是由客户、专业设计人员等多种主体构成的复杂协同知识工作网络。针对客户协同产品创新过程的复杂性,借鉴复杂适应系统理论中刺激一反应模型,结合产品创新的知识创造特征,构建了客户协同产品创新主体的刺激一反应模型,基于该模型分析了各创新主体的行为机制,为客户协同产品创新系统的开发及创新过程的优化奠定了一定的理论基础。     

Three frames for innovation policy: R&D,systems of innovation and transformative change

Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy is shaped by persistent framings that arise from historical context. Two established frames are identified as co-existing and dominant in contemporary innovation policy discussions. The first frame is identified as beginning with a Post-World War II institutionalisation of government support for science and R&D with the presumption that this would contribute to growth and address market failure in private provision of new knowledge. The second frame emerged in the 1980s globalising world and its emphasis on competitiveness which is shaped by the national systems of innovation for knowledge creation and commercialisation. STI policy focuses on building links, clusters and networks, and on stimulating learning between elements in the systems, and enabling entrepreneurship. A third frame linked to contemporary social and environmental challenges such as the Sustainable Development Goals and calling for transformative change is identified and distinguished from the two earlier frames. Transformation refers to socio-technical system change as conceptualised in the sustainability transitions literature. The nature of this third framing is examined with the aim of identifying its key features and its potential for provoking a re-examination of the earlier two frames. One key feature is its focus on experimentation, and the argument that the Global South does not need to play catch-up to follow the transformation model of the Global North. It is argued that all three frames are relevant for policymaking, but exploring options for transformative innovation policy should be a priority.     

组织冗余对产品创新的作用机制研究

组织冗余对于创新的影响目前仍然存有争议。一方面,不同类别组织冗余的作用会有所区别,现有研究不加分类分析和验证它们作用的做法值得商榷;另一方面,相关研究很少涉及作用机理的验证,这导致那些关于组织冗余为何有利或者有害的观点仅停留在猜测阶段;第三,大企业组织冗余的作用和小企业的会有区别,而现有研究很少探讨不同规模情境下组织冗余作用的变化。鉴于此,本文以组织行为理论为基础,引入组织搜索(本地搜索和跨界搜索)作为中介变量,试图展现组织冗余对产品创新的作用路径以及企业规模所起的调节作用,并选择江浙皖三省六地科技型企业为样本对所提模型进行验证,对423份有效问卷数据进行多元线性回归分析后发现:一、沉淀冗余和产品创新显著正相关,非沉淀冗余对产品创新的影响并不显著;二、本地搜索和跨界搜索在沉淀冗余和产品创新之间均发挥部分中介效应,非沉淀冗余和产品创新关系不显著,二者间不会有中介变量存在;三、企业规模对沉淀冗余、非沉淀冗余和产品创新之间关系均存在显著的负向调节效应。本文研究结果有助打开组织冗余和产品创新关系的黑箱,为组织冗余存在形式的情境化选择提供重要依据和参考,同时佐证了那些不加分类、笼统分析组织冗余作用的做法是不科学的。