Conflict State and Abnormal EEG

Nordland, E. (1969). Conflict State and Abnormal EEG. A study of boys with behavior disturbances and abnormal EEG, Scand. J. Educ. Res. 13, 199‐221. The investigation raises the question whether abnormal EEG may also express somatic reactions to psychological situations, for example too intense experiencing of conflict, stress, or trauma. Sixty‐four pupils of two Norwegian special schools for maladjusted boys are examined as to history of development, diseases and injuries, parents’ situation, practices of upbringing, etc. The boys’ attitudes and behavior are tested with tests of experience of anxiety, conflict and contentment, intellectual and school performance. Further, their attitudes are assessed by their teachers in special school and by their schoolmates by means of various sociometric tests. Boys with normal, abnormal ‘borderline’, and abnormal EEG are compared with each other. The analysis of the EEGs was made without knowledge of the results of the psychological assessments and tests, and vice versa. The results show that boys with abnormal EEGs have backgrounds of more conflict and insecurity. Boys of this sample who are abnormal EEG cases have no history of more physical impairments such as concussions than the normal EEG cases. Boys who experience less pressure in the special school tend to change into normal EEG cases, while boys who experience more pressure tend to change into abnormal EEG cases.     

社区老年人患病行为与家庭功能的相关性分析

探讨社区老年人患病行为与家庭功能的相关性。采用患病行为问卷(IBQ-62)和家庭关怀度量表(APGAR)对162例社区老年人进行调查,并用方差分析和Pearson相关进行分析。结果,家庭功能为良好、一般、障碍的老年人分别占39.5%、43.2%、17.3%。不同家庭功能老年人患病行为中的一般疑病(GH)、疾病信念(DC)、情感压抑(AI)、情感紊乱(AD)、易激惹性(I)因子分差异有统计学意义,Pearson相关分析显示,患病行为的上述5个因子得分与家庭功能各维度得分呈负相关。结果表明,社区老年群体存在一定的异常患病行为,家庭功能对其患病行为有影响作用,良好的家庭功能有助于老年人建立正常的患病行为。     

Typology for parents of abused children

This paper reports an effort to classify the parents of abused children with some existing and some new empirically/clinically consistent typologies, which are derived from the parents' psychopathological personality profiles. Such a classification scheme is informative and helpful for both treatment planning and permanency planning for abusive parents and abused children, whether or not the children have been separated from their parents. Several previously reported typologies for abusive parents are reviewed and then elaborated in light of the additional data and insights gained from an ongoing study of 50 abusive parents who were separated from their children due to severe child abuse. Such typological analyses based upon principal personality characteristics and dynamics promise to help in formulating both secondary and even primary child abuse prevention procedures and programs. The parent typologies which represent the more favorable prognoses, as determined by their therapist's estimate of their response to ongoing treatment, are those classified as rigid-compulsive, or experiencing identity/role crisis, or displaced abuse/violence. Parents whose child abusive behavior is a function of extremely maladaptive resolutions of major life issues fall into the hostile-aggressive, passive-dependent, and severe mental illness typologies, where the prognoses are considerably more guarded. The relatively high incidence of hostile-aggressive fathers coupled with passive-dependent mothers as abusive parents to children in a residential program for severely abused children also helps explain some of the children's psychopathology.     

儿童多动症的表现特征及教育干预措施

多动症是儿童时期比较突出的问题行为。患儿表现出易分心、易激动、好冲动、坐立不安及攻击性行为较多等。如果不及时干预或干预方法不当，将可能会严重影响儿童将来的学业成绩及社会化过程。因此家长和教师有必要了解多动症的症状及表现特征，以利于采取适当的干预措施。     

Factitious Disorder by Proxy in Educational Settings: A Review

Factitious disorder by proxy (FDP), historically known as Munchausen syndrome by proxy, is a diagnosis applied to parents and other caregivers who intentionally feign, exaggerate, and/or induce illness or injury in a child to get attention from health professionals and others. A review of the recent literature and our experience as consultants indicate clearly that FDP has emerged in educational settings as well. Variants of educational FDP include parents of children with real or fabricated physical disabilities who request excessive or unneeded school health services and parents who request extensive education-related evaluations for children who do not demonstrate any educational need. If such cases continue to emerge, school districts will be asked to test more students who do not have disabilities under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Also, special educational directors will be weighing the cost of providing unneeded testing and educational services against the cost of defending themselves in litigation to prove that the testing and services are unnecessary. A table of guidelines is provided for school and other personnel confronted with repeated requests for unwarranted special education services. Suggestions for future research are included.     

Redrawing the line: An exploration of how lay people construct child neglect

While there has been an increasing professional and political focus on the prevalence and harmfulness of child neglect, little has been done to explore what child neglect means outside child protection circles. This qualitative study explores lay constructions of child neglect by thematically analyzing focus group discussions between 46 self-defined ‘lay’ people in England.Participants viewed neglect as extremely damaging for children and as arising when children’s physical, emotional, training and supervisory needs were unmet due to abnormal parental behavior. Children with unmet needs were positioned as deprived, unloved, uncontrolled and escaping. They were only positioned as neglected when failure to meet their needs was attributable to a lack of parental knowledge and skill (clueless parents), a lack of appropriate parental disposition (underinvested parents) or both (unsuitable parents). ‘Normal’ parents – those with the appropriate parental disposition, skills and knowledge – who failed to meet their children’s needs were not seen as neglectful but rather as overburdened.As ‘normal parenting’ has fragmented in late modernity, society wide consensus on child neglect was felt by participants to have retreated to child protection definitions, alienating lay understandings. If child neglect really is ‘everybody’s business’, then it is important that lay people are included in forging new definitions of and responses to meeting the needs of children.     

《论语》“父母唯其疾之忧”本义诂证

《论语·为政》篇中的“父母唯其疾之忧”一句的训释自汉以来一直存在分歧,出现了两种绝然相反的观点：一说认为“其”字指代父母,此句应训为“儿女只担忧父母之疾”;一说认为“其”字指代儿女,此句应训为“父母只担忧儿女之疾”。前一说不符合先秦古文的语法规则,亦不符合孔子的孝道思想,而后一说才是此段话的本义。     

父母对幼儿行为问题反应偏向的原因及影响分析

通过对上海市四家幼儿园86名幼儿父母进行有关儿童行为问题家长评定的调查,发现父母评定的儿童行为问题的比率极其显著高于专家和专业研究机构的判定比率。家长的这一反应偏向可能与他们缺乏相关科学知识、对孩子的高期望以及中国传统文化有关,并可能导致产生育儿焦虑及不当的教养行为,从而对早期家庭教育产生负面影响。     

Web-based parenting skills to reduce behavior problems following abusive head trauma: A pilot study

Pediatric abusive head trauma causes significant cognitive and behavioral morbidity, yet very few post-acute interventions exist to facilitate long-term recovery. To meet the needs of this vulnerable population, we piloted a web-based intervention with live coaching designed to improve positive parenting and child behavior. The efficacy of this parenting skills intervention was compared with access to Internet resources on brain injury. Participants included seven families (four randomized to the parenting intervention and three randomized to receive Internet resources). Parenting skills were observed and child behavior was rated at baseline and intervention completion. At completion, parents who received the parenting skills intervention showed significantly more positive parenting behaviors and fewer undesirable behaviors during play than parents who received access to Internet resources. Additionally, during play, children in the parenting skills intervention group were more compliant following parent commands than children in the Internet resources group. Lastly, parents who received the parenting intervention reported less intense oppositional and conduct behavior problems in their children post-intervention than did parents in the Internet resources group. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the use of this web-based positive parenting skills intervention to improve parenting skills and child behavior following abusive head trauma.     

Using the Existential Criterion for Assessing the Personality of Overprotective and Overly Demanding Parents in the Families of Patients Who Have Sought Psychological Counseling for Parent–Child Problems

The article presents the results of applying the existential criterion of normal and abnormal personalities for assessing the personality of overprotective and overly demanding parents in 176 families of patients who have sought psychological counseling. It is shown that the position of overprotective parents is one-sided in relation to the existential dichotomy of providing care and allowing independence, while the position of overly demanding parents is one-sided in relation to three classic existential dichotomies: nature and culture, self-actualization and conventional values, and determinism and self-determination. We used L.N. Sobchik's diagnostic test to identify the features of interpersonal relationships that existed between grandparents and the parents when they were children. We also used Max Lüscher's test to diagnose parents' personality. The results of these tests suggest that overprotective and overly demanding parents have largely developed such unilateral positions under the “excessive interference” of the upbringing choices of their parents. They acquired these practices irrationally, and subsequently they reproduced these overprotective and overly demanding approaches when the time came to raise their own children. Based on the existential criterion, the above attributes of the analyzed overprotective and overly demanding parenting patterns are indicative of abnormal personality traits.     

浅论教师与家长关系的中介性

教师与家长之间关系的特殊性——中介性,决定了他们之间关系的复杂性,这种关系会影响到第三者——儿童的发展。教师和家长是通过儿童的行为和儿童对对方的评价来认识、了解彼此的。教师与家长应采取对话的方式,加深了解,相互尊重。     

Intergenerational transmission of abuse: a two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample.

OBJECTIVE: A model was examined in which the association between a parent's history of abuse and the parent's own abusive behavior toward his or her children was hypothesized to be mediated by parental psychopathology, early childbearing, and consistency of discipline. Additionally, the effect of severity of abuse on the likelihood of becoming abusive was examined. METHOD: Participants were 109 parents (G1) and their male children (G2) who were involved in a longitudinal study. The G1 parents reported on their own experiences of abuse when they were children. Ten years later, the G2 youths reported on the G1 parents' abusive behavior toward them. A number of other factors, including parental socioeconomic status (SES), antisocial behavior, depression and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), consistency of discipline, and the perceived early difficulty of the G2 children were measured. RESULTS: As reported by their own children, parents who reported having been abused in childhood were significantly more likely to engage in abusive behaviors toward the next generation. Findings indicated that abuse experienced by the parents, as well as consistency of discipline and depression plus PTSD, were predictive of parental abuse of the child. Contrary to hypotheses, the effects were not fully mediated. However, there were significant interactions between parental history of abuse and consistency of discipline, as well as abuse history and depression and PTSD. Parents who had experienced multiple acts of abuse and at least one physical impact were more likely to become abusive than were the other parents. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of these findings for preventive interventions are discussed.     

育龄家庭大孩对二孩接纳度的现状调查

通过问卷法、访谈法调查了育龄家庭大孩对二孩的接纳度,了解到大孩从本质上并不讨厌二孩的到来.大孩出现的一系列反常行为的主要原因是父母与大孩沟通太少,让大孩感觉失去爱.而要解决这些问题需要家长做好沟通,给大孩安全感,让大孩参与二孩的养育,给予大孩足够的陪伴.     

论中国现代文学中的婆婆形象

中国现代文学中的婆婆是现代作家塑造的一类独特的旧式女性人物形象,作为生存在父权制社会中的旧式家长,她们秉承着父权意识的性别歧视,对儿媳进行严格的规范与管束,总体上呈现出愚昧守旧、矛盾焦虑与变态扭曲的文化性格.     

Interpretations of Parenting by Mainland Chinese and U.S. American Children

Objective. This study examined whether mainland Chinese and U.S. American children’s interpretations of their parents’ coercive authority assertion and critical comparison and shaming moderate relations between their reports of parenting and adjustment. Design. Middle-school children from mainland China (n = 217) and the United States (n = 207) rated their parents on coercive authority assertion and critical comparison and shaming, indicated whether they approved of their parents’ practices, rated their parents’ underlying intentions, and reported their own depression, antisocial behavior, and school motivation. Results. Moderation analyses showed that associations between coercive authority assertion or critical comparison and shaming and child depression were stronger for American and Chinese children whose approval ratings for these practices were relatively low. Greater coercive authority assertion was related to lower antisocial behavior for children who rated their parents high for the child beneficial interpretation and to lower school motivation for children who rated their parents low for the parent beneficial interpretation. For American children, greater coercive authority assertion also was related to greater depression for those who rated their parents relatively low for the child beneficial interpretation. For Chinese children, greater critical comparison and shaming was related to increased school motivation for those who rated their parents high on the child beneficial and/or parent beneficial interpretations. Conclusions. When children interpret their parents’ behavior in a more positive manner (i.e., they approve or think it is motivated by concern for the child), negative effects of coercive authority assertion and critical comparison and shaming may be mitigated. However, some cultural differences were found, particularly with respect to school motivation.     

Efficacy of the Incredible Years group parent program with families in Head Start who self-reported a history of child maltreatment

Objective

A prevention form of the Incredible Years (IY) parenting program was offered to parents who had children enrolled in Head Start, regardless of whether they reported having a history of child maltreatment. This study compared whether parenting practices and child behavioral outcomes differed in families who self reported a history of child maltreatment relative to families who did not.

Methods

A site-randomized controlled trial of the IY parenting program was conducted in 64 classrooms in seven Head Start centers in Seattle, Washington. Families of 481 children took part in the study, with 335 in the IY condition and 146 in the control condition. Parenting practices and child behavior were measured by blinded raters through in-home observations and self-report questionnaires prior to the start of the IY program, in the spring after the IY program had concluded, and 12–18 months after study enrollment when children were in kindergarten. Analyses examine the impact of the IY program on parenting practices and children's behavior, exploring whether the program had differential impacts for parents with and without a self-reported history of child maltreatment.

Results

The IY program resulted in improvements along many parenting dimensions and on characteristics of observed child behavior. Program impacts were similar for parents who did and did not report a history of child maltreatment. However, parents with a reported history of prior maltreatment had greater initial room for improvement in areas such as harsh/critical parenting, nurturing/supportive parenting, and discipline competence than parents without such a history.

Conclusions

The IY parenting program has positive impacts for parents who self-reported a history of child maltreatment. While similar benefits were observed for both groups of parents in this study, results support delivering evidence-based parenting programs of longer duration and higher intensity than often used by agencies serving parents in contact with child welfare.

Practice

Agencies serving parents referred for child maltreatment should carefully examine the characteristics of the parenting programs they deliver. Use of a parenting program that has a sound base of empirical support, such as IY, and sufficient intensity and duration, is likely to make substantial changes in parents’ child-rearing practices.     

The impact of previous type of abuse and sibling adoption upon adoptive families

OBJECTIVE: The paper addresses the impacts of the type of abuse and sibling adoption upon family functioning. The specific objectives are to test the relationships: (1). between an adopted child's previous type of abuse and postadoptive family functioning; (2). between an adopted child's previous type of abuse and the child's postadoptive externalized behavior status; (3). between sibling adoption status and postadoptive family functioning; and (4). between sibling adoption status and the child's postadoptive externalized behavior status. METHOD: Data were collected from parents with adopted children, between the ages of 2 and 16, who have special needs status. The convenience sample was drawn primarily from one southern state. RESULTS: The results suggest that the child's type of abuse does predict different outcomes in terms of a parent's report of postadoptive family functioning but not the adopted child's postadoptive externalized behavior. Sibling adoptions resulted in lower perceptions of family functioning but slightly improved perceptions of the child's postadoptive externalized behavior. CONCLUSION: Parents with adopted children who have histories of physical and sexual abuse reported lower family functioning than those parents with adopted children who only have histories of neglect. Parents who adopted sibling groups reported fewer externalized child behavior problems but lower family functioning than those parents who adopted a single child. These results suggest the need for a variety of family supports targeted to family needs as well as to promoting behavioral changes in the children.     

初中流动儿童疏离感与亲社会行为的关系:社会支持的中介作用

采用青少年学生疏离感量表、长处和困难问卷(学生版)和青少年社会支持量表对271名初中流动儿童进行问卷调查,考察了疏离感、亲社会行为及社会支持的关系.结果发现:(1)初中流动儿童男生环境疏离感显著高于女生,女生亲社会行为显著高于男生,曾远离父母生活过的流动儿童疏离感总分及社会疏离感、人际疏离感均显著高于一直与父母一起生活的儿童;(2)疏离感与社会支持和亲社会行为显著负相关,社会支持与亲社会行为显著正相关;(3)结构方程模型表明,社会支持在疏离感与亲社会行为的关系中发挥中介作用,模型拟合较好.初中流动儿童疏离感通过社会支持间接影响亲社会行为,提高社会支持可促进初中流动儿童的亲社会行为.     

Why schools should make condoms available to teenagers

The controversy surrounding sex education and condom availability programs in schools in New York City and throughout the US continues because parents worry that such programs encourage teenagers to engage in sexual behavior. But the reality is that more and more teenagers are engaging in sexual behavior anyway. The Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development found the 17% of girls and 29% of boys engaged in sexual intercourse by the time they were 16 years old. Many parents are ready to blame sex education and condom availability programs for these figures; these parents issue calls for "chastity education." Opponents of sex education also believe that these programs violate the rights of parents to education their children about moral behavior and religious values. But the truth is that these programs do not preclude the right of a parents to teach a child anything. They simply prevent the use of the public schools to impose religious beliefs on students. Those who argue that the mandate of schools is only to teach academic subjects forget that public high schools are the best place for sex education and condom availability programs because the schools are full of teenagers and of adults who are trained and willing to counsel them. Few educators would argue that schools should not teach values, and sex education and condom availability programs provide an excellent way to help teenagers understand not only human sexuality, reproduction, and the spread of disease but also social relationships, the development of cultural norms, and the role of responsible citizens. At the same time that we encourage sexual abstinence among young people, we must also teach about sexual responsibility. Sexual responsibility today means using a condom to prevent pregnancy and disease. If teenagers are embarrassed in their efforts to acquire condoms, pregnancy and diseases will be the result, not abstinence.     

Do Charters Pose a Threat to Private Schools? Evidence from Nationally Representative Surveys of U.S. Parents

Charter schools increasingly challenge both district and private schools for student enrollments in the United States. With more parents able to choose among the sectors, the success of each in attracting students will turn in part on the levels of satisfaction provided to families who enroll. We analyze data from two nationally representative surveys of parental perceptions. Private school parents are the most satisfied with the climate, student behavior, and school-to-parent communications in their child’s school, but the gap between private school parents and charter parents is much less than the one between private school parents and those in district schools. We find little difference across sectors in satisfaction with school infrastructure and in school–parent communications about student behavior. Because charters, like district schools, are free, this narrowing of the satisfaction gap between the tuition-based and free school sectors may erode the size of the private sector.